21世纪中日侵权行为法的诸课题——以中国的法制定为契机

进行中日侵权行为法的比较研究是一项有意义的课题,因为侵权行为法在中日两国都是极富争议的法学领域,而这种争议性集中体现在侵权责任法的目的论以及侵权损害赔偿方式上。本文主要从以下几方面的实例来进行中日两国侵权行为法的比较研究:交通事故、医疗事故、产品责任、公害与环境问题、灾害问题以及战后补偿问题。本文认为,在21世纪侵权行为法面临的最紧迫的任务体现在以下几方面:首先,(1)在许多公共侵权案件中,法和政策之间存在交叉作用的关系;(2)侵权法的新近发展,例如,经济性侵权、网络侵权、性骚扰、儿童虐待以及一些发生在家庭和学校中的所谓密室侵权等;(3)侵权案件所造成的对于个人人格的损害,而这种损害并不同于普通的身体伤害。此外,我们还需要关注环境侵权法的发展。其次,在交通事故处理的案件中,有关在传统的侵权法领域之外建立综合救济体系的讨论已经开始展开,但是还有必要将这一救济体系应用在有关于自然灾害的处理过程中去,如最近频发的震灾救济和水灾救济等。而在此基础之上,我们还可以讨论建立一整套更加广泛的公共救济机制。再次,东亚邻国之间的国际合作在环保等领域也是不可或缺的,例如,在对公共资源(诸如森林资源、水资源、渔业资源等)的保护与管理中,这些环保领域的合作有助于防止"温室效应"的进一步恶化以及对于自然资源的掠夺式利用。最后,关于战后补偿问题,尤其是日本侵华战争之后遗留下的有关战后补偿问题的讨论仍显不足。重新审视战后补偿问题中存在的法律与道德性责任,重新考虑战后补偿问题究竟采用什么样的救济方式这些问题,具有相当重要的现实意义。因为这关系到如何防止两国人民之间仇恨心理的延续,关系到如何寻求受害人内心的宽恕,更关系到如何寻求两国之间历史性的和解。在这个意义上,20世纪50年代在中国抚顺进行的对日本战犯的效果显著的"认罪"实践,为学术界在此问题的研究上提供了宝贵借鉴。     

Forensic anthropology and the most probable cause of death in cases of violations against international humanitarian law: an example from Bosnia and Herzegovina

This study presents the results of the analysis of at least 298 predominantly male individuals, between 15 and 75 years, who were recovered from an open cast mine in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Particular attention is paid to identifying the mechanisms of injury and determination of the most probable cause of death based on the assessment of lethal or lethal-if-untreated injuries recorded in the skeleton. It was calculated that at least 38.9% (155/398) of individuals sustained gunshot wounds (GSWs) (plus one shrapnel wound) and may have died as consequence of these injuries. Among individuals who died from GSWs, there were 142 males (91.60%), eight females (5.1%) and five cases that were (3.2%) undetermined. One male individual sustained shrapnel injuries. This study presents an example of the multidisciplinary approach to the effective forensic investigation of violation against International Humanitarian Law, as well as an example of how it is possible to obtain meaningful results to assist the needs of the prosecution in these kind of cases despite the large number of cases and technological constraints.