Violent crime and modernization in Colombia

This paper assesses violent crime in Colombia by focusing on police arrest data from 1938 to 1967. Social and political conditions provide the cultural context from which the effects of modernization on crime are examined. Shelley's modermization perspective claims that violent crime increases when a country modernizes, but property crimes increase after relative wealth and prosperity are achieved. Regression results support Shelley's perspective for the crimes of robbery and theft, whereas her theory gamered weaker support for the crimes of homicide and assault. Theoretical implications for modernization theory in light of the findings are discussed.     

现代化视野下的预防犯罪工作评估体系构建

当前我国预防犯罪工作存在诸多不足之处,需要建构预防犯罪工作评估体系,这一制度的架构包括评估主体、内容、方法、程序和岗位职责等等,从而有效地改进预防犯罪工作,维护社会的良好秩序。     

Islam, modernization and crime: A test of the religious ecology thesis

Using a United Nations (United Nations, 1977) cross-national data set on offender and offense rates for a variety of crimes, this article qualifies recent research into religiosity by investigating the relationship between Islamic religion, economic development, and crime rates. Considerable research has demonstrated a positive correlation between economic development (often defined as modernization) and crime. Other research has suggested that religion is an impedence to crime, although the results are a little less clear. No previous studies have examined the relationship between the Islamic religion and crime. Results suggest that, when level of economic development is held constant, Islamic countries do not differ significantly in crime rates compared to nonIslamic countries.     

Taking crime out of crime business

It is one thing to assert that conventional market analysis is critically useful in understanding criminal enterprise. It is more challenging to suggest that corrupt and compromised legal regulation interacts with other critical market variables to maximise market advantage for crime business in a similar manner to legitimate regulatory forces in their protection and enhancement of legitimate business enterprise. The central argument of this paper is that crime business mirrors other business forms when considered in terms of critical market variables, and that in particular regulatory forces when inverted from their original purposes can influence market conditions in the same ways desired from the legitimate regulatory form. The main research direction deriving from the analysis of regulatory influences over specific criminal enterprises is how do certain critical market forces essentially facilitate criminal enterprise as a market phenomenon. This paper suggests how through comparatively analysing nominated critical market forces in the context of lucrative and recurrent criminal enterprises, common business decision-making may be predicted and thereby controlled beyond a law enforcement paradigm. In fact, the paper argues that when perverted law enforcement regulation operates as an inter-connecting market characteristic then it can have a similar influence over illegitimate enterprise that law enforcement may provide legitimate business.By establishing a richer and more enterprise-oriented understanding of crucial market variables, it becomes possible to refine control strategies at critical entry and exit points in the operation of clandestine crime businesses. The paper will challenge a comparative theorising of what makes crime business a good business, and how normative distinctions between illegitimate markets are made less convincing when positioned against an analysis of the interaction of critical market variables.     

Socio-political change and crime

This article offers an epistimological approach to criminological inquiry that draws on political and economic perspectives to create a theoretical context for hate crimes and xenophobia in contemporary Germany. The paper concludes that criminology as a discipline may be inadequate to grasp the complexities of criminal interactions and that criminology must draw heavily on the perspectives of other disciplines. Ultimately, it may be more important to illicit ideas rather than attempt to know the truth. The author wishes to note that this paper draws on an earlier published work and was constructed post facto from his comments and presentation at the conference.     

Rural and agricultural crime

Thinking and research about crime have traditionally been urban centered. This focus has diverted attention from the study of other areas and has reduced general understanding of crime. The thesis advanced here, stated in the form of propositions for consideration, is that rural and agricultural crimes are fertile and significant areas for inquiry.     

Drugs and crime revisited

The relationship between drugs and crime is investigated, building on previous research by Huizinga, Menard, and Elliott and by Goldstein and his colleagues. The previous research is extended by examining the relationship between drugs and crime at different stages of the life course, adolescence and early adulthood; by extending the age range used in previous research by Huizinga and colleagues; and by examining the impact of adolescent substance use and illegal behavior on adult substance use and illegal behavior. The results are consistent with past research in finding that (1) for initiation, the “drug use causes crime” hypothesis is untenable because crime typically is initiated before substance use; (2) more serious forms of crime and substance use usually are initiated after minor forms of those behaviors, and rarely in the absence of such behaviors; and (3) once crime and substance use are initiated, each appears to increase the likelihood of continuity of the other or (equivalently) to reduce the likelihood of suspension. Beyond results from prior research, it also appears that (4) crime and drug use are more closely related in adolescence than in adulthood, and that (5) examination of the transition from adolescence to adulthood suggests that the most plausible conclusion is that drugs and crime are related by mutual causation: crime affects drug use and drug use affects crime.     

新型农民与农业现代化

建设社会主义新农村需要新型农民,实现农业现代化需要新型农民,巩固和发展农村经济依靠新型农民,13亿人的吃饭问题、国家的粮食安全问题也需要新型农民。因此,新型农民与农业现代化密切相关。吉林省农村新型农民在农村经济和社会发展中发挥了巨大作用,但仍有一些不利因素影响新型农民队伍的发展。为此,必须提高新型农民的综合素质,以期加快吉林省新农村建设的步伐。     

Welfare and property crime

In 1996 the U.S. federal government enacted a welfare reform bill aimed at reducing public assistance to the poor. This legislation may have implications for future levels of property crime. In this study we examine whether differences in levels of AFDC assistance and rates of welfare participation among 406 large metropolitan counties affected variation in burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Regression analyses controlled for the potential effects of family structure, divorce, unemployment, and a number of other variables. The results confirmed links between welfare and property crime suggested by strain, social support, and a version of social disorganization theory. Both monetary assistance levels and participation rates were associated negatively with all property crimes.     

城市化与犯罪

本文作者结合具体情况，通过城市化与犯罪关系，社区犯罪，城市化进程中的犯罪原因，城市社区犯罪的化解等方面来求证城市化与犯罪空间有什么关系。     

Re-imagining crime prevention: controlling corporate crime?

While the discourses and practices of crime prevention are of increasing salience, few criminologists have sought the inclusion of corporate illegalities on such agendas. Relatedly, within criminology, there has been a diminished tendency to think in idealistic, utopian and emancipatory terms. This paper is one small attempt to think in precisely such terms.¹ But it is not an exercise in pure imagination. In particular, the paper makes extended reference to Finland, where recent experience suggests that corporate crime prevention may be feasible, under certain conditions, albeit subject to certain limitations. Thus we consider both the desirability and the feasibility of corporate crime prevention intruding upon the generally narrowly constructed terrain of ‘crime prevention’. We begin with a critique of some of the key aspects of crime prevention discourses – at both theoretical and practical levels – with a particular emphasis upon the extent to which these are both more appropriately and usefully applied to corporate crime prevention, before going on to discuss corporate crime prevention ‘in action’, through a focus upon recent developments in Finland. In a concluding section, we consider various aspects of both the desirability and feasibility of corporate crime prevention.