俄罗斯联邦检察机关的“一般监督”职能及其对我国的启示

1922年5月28日,当时的苏维埃俄国通过了《俄罗斯社会主义联邦苏维埃共和国检察机关条例》,首次赋予检察机关以"一般监督"职能。自此之后,检察机关的"一般监督"职能得以继承和发展。目前,检察机关的"一般监督"职能,在俄罗斯联邦检察机关的检察监督职能中仍然占据首要地位,並在发现和消除行政执法过程中许多行政违法行为(作为或不作为)方面,发挥着举足轻重的作用。考察和研究俄罗斯联邦检察机关"一般监督"职能的历史发展、主要内容和实践效果,对我国具有重要的启示意义。     

新疆维吾尔族15个STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的　建立新疆维吾尔族 1 5个STR基因座的等位基因分布基础遗传数据库 ,并比较其与天津汉族群体调查结果的差异。方法　应用荧光标记复合扩增、ABI 31 0 0 (Avant)型基因分析仪检测新疆 2 6 5名无关个体AmpFeSTR○RIdentifilerTM系统 ,统计 1 5个STR基因座的群体遗传参数。结果　 2 6 5名无关个体 1 5个STR基因座中共检出 1 5 7个等位基因及 5 2 3种基因型 ,累计个体识别力 (TDP)为 0 999999999999999998,累积非父排除能力 (PE)为 0 .99999984 (三联体 )。结论　新疆维族 1 5个STR基因座的等位基因呈高度多态性分布 ,与天津汉族群体调查数据无显著差异 ,适用于个体识别和亲权鉴定     

Mutation rates at 14 STR loci in the population from Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

Definition about mutation rates of short tandem repeats (STRs) loci used in forensic analysis are useful for the correct interpretation of resulting genetic profiles and the definition of criterions for exclusion in paternity testing. Germline mutation of 14 STR loci was studied for 54,105 parent–child allelic transfers from 2575 paternity testing cases carried out during 2000–2007 from the Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil. The parenthood in each of these cases was highly validated (probability > 99.99%). We identified 43 mutations at 12 loci. Locus-specific mutation rate estimates varied between 2 × 10⁻⁴ and 2 × 10⁻³, and the overall mutation rate estimate was 8 × 10⁻⁴. Mutation events in the male germline were more frequent than in the female germline. The majority of the mutations could be explained by losses or gains of one repeat unit and there was no evidence for selection between insertion or deletion changes. Our data were compared with those of Portuguese and North-American populations for CSF1PO, D18S51, D21S11, D7S820, TH01, TPOX and demonstrated, despite the great difference in the size of the sample, that mutation rates of STR loci in a mixed population do not differ from that encountered in different populations.     

39个STR基因座在二联体亲子鉴定突变案例中的应用

目的探讨39个常染色体STR基因座在二联体亲子鉴定突变案例中的应用价值。方法提取全血基因组,采用AGCU Expressmarker 22荧光检测试剂盒进行二联体亲子鉴定,若出现1~2个矛盾基因座,则加做AGCU 21+1 STR荧光检测试剂盒,计算累计父权指数(CPI)值,根据亲子鉴定判断标准判定结果。结果共检测502例二联体亲子鉴定案例,其中排除亲权关系17例,485例不排除亲权关系,10例出现单基因座不符合。加做AGCU 21+1后除1例出现一个新的STR基因座不符合,其他均符合遗传规律,且CPI≥10 000。结论 39个STR基因座的联合应用能够有效解决二联体亲子鉴定中的大部分突变案例。     

Genetic variation of 23 STR loci in a Northeast Colombian population (department of Santander)

The most efficient markers to solve filiation cases are the STRs, including complex cases that require the analysis of a greater number of markers. In this study samples from 123 unrelated individuals from the department of Santander (northeast Colombia) were typed for 23 autosomal STRs included in VeriFiler express kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific),and their allele frequencies and parameters of forensic relevance were determined. Results demonstrate independence within and between the loci analyzed, and the accumulate power of exclusion for the full set of markers was high (99.9996%), as well as the match probability, which was 1 in 8.77E + 29. Therefore, this northeast Colombian population database can be used in forensic to estimate the frequency of the genetic profile using of a multiple locus including in this DNA kit.     

Determination of polymorphism at eight STR loci in the Croatian population using automated detection

Population study was carried out on the sample of 167 unrelated donors from the wider area of the Croatia's capital, Zagreb, using the short tandem reapet (STR) loci: TH01, VWFA31, FES/FPS, F13A01, D1S1656, D12S391, D18S535 and D22S683.     

Swiss Caucasian population data for the STR loci D2S1338 and D19S433 using the AmpFISTR SGM plus PCR amplification kit

Allele and genotype frequencies for the ten STR loci D3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA were determined in a Swiss Caucasian population sample (n=206) using the AmpFISTR SGM Plus Amplification kit. Electrophoresis was carried out on an ABI PRISM CE 310 Genetic Analyzer instrument. Previously, allele frequencies were published for the 13 STR loci D3S1358, VWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, THO1, TPOX, CSF1PO and D16S539 for the same samples (n=206) amplified with the AmpFISTR Profiler Plus and Cofiler PCR Amplification kits. Since the results for the eight loci D3S1358, VWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, THO1, D16S539 shared between the AmpFISTR SGM Plus, Profiler Plus and Cofiler PCR Amplification kits already are published, only the allele frequencies for the two STR loci D2S1338 and D19S433 are reported in this paper. The two loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. In addition, there is little evidence for association of alleles among the 15 loci (amplified with the Profiler, Cofiler, and SGM Plus amplification kits). The allelic frequency data can be used in forensic analyses to estimate the frequency of a multiple STR locus DNA profile in the Swiss population.     

Evaluation of population variation at 17 autosomal STR and 16 Y-STR haplotype loci in Croatians

Seventeen autosomal STR loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, VWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA, Penta E and Penta D) and 16 Y-STR haplotype loci (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS398II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and GATA H4.1) were analyzed in the sample of 200 unrelated Croatians. The agreement with HWE was confirmed for all autosomal STR loci. The combined power of discrimination (PD) and the combined power of exclusion (PE) for the 17 autosomal STR loci were 0.999999999999999999682299331476 and 0.99999995, respectively. Penta E proved to be the most informative autosomal STR locus. Among 200 Croatian males, 197 Y-STR haplotypes were identified and haplotype diversity was estimated at 0.9998 ± 0.0005.     

亲子鉴定中STR基因座的基因突变分析

目的探讨Identifiler^TM荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒15个STR基因座在亲子鉴定中的基因突变特点。方法应用Identifiler^TM荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒检测676例亲子鉴定案，对其中1～2个突变基因座加做HLA等位基因检测或Y—STR基因座检测。结果在认定亲子关系的676例中，观察1304次减数分裂，Identifiler^TM荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒中的15个基因座确定19例突变，其中D18S51基因座4例，D2S1338基因座3例，D8S1179、D16S539、vWA、D7S820、D13S317基因座各2例，D5S818和TH01基因座各1例，D21S11、FGA、D3S1358、D19S433、TPOX、CSF1P0基因座未见突变；一步突变的17例，二步突变的为1例，四步突变的1例；1个基因座发生突变的18例，2个基因座同时发生基因突变的为1例；突变来自父亲与来自母亲的比例为13：2，4例来源不能确定。结论用Identifiler^TM荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒检测到1—2个基因座发生突变，须增加对其它遗传标记的检测。     

Haplotype frequencies of 16 Y-chromosome STR loci in the Barcelona metropolitan area population using Y-Filer kit

Haplotype frequencies for 16 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci, included in the Y-Filer kit, were determined in 247 unrelated healthy individuals from the Barcelona metropolitan area (Catalonia, NE Spain). After PCR amplification and denaturing PAGE electrophoresis, DYS456, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS389II, DYS458, DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS393, DYS391, DYS439, DYS635, DYS392, Y GATA H4.1, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS448 loci were typed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance in our population of the 16 loci of the Y-chromosome present in the new Y-Filer commercial identification kit, and acquire haplotype frequencies for mathematic processing of the forensic diagnosis in our geographical working area. In this sample, all haplotypes were unique. From the forensic point of view, the combined polymorphisms of the Y-Filer kit provide a high diagnostic efficiency.     

北京汉族群体9个STR位点的频率分布及法医学应用

提供北京汉族群体9个STR基因座的频率分布资料，了解其在法医学中的应用价值。应用PCR技术对9个STR基因座分3组进行复合扩增，经PAG电泳分离、银染，扫描仪扫描，计算机判读并保存结果，对北京地区汉族无关个体9个基因座的基因频率分布进行调查。结果显示，上述9个基因座的杂合度为0．6419～0．8092，多态性信息总量为0．9999，鉴别机率为0．9999，匹配机率为2．0×10-9和非父排除率为0．9985。STR3组9个基因座的综合检验可应用于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定，并达到同一认定的标准。     

河南汉族群体6个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

目的　通过研究 6个STR基因座FGA ,TPOX ,D3S135 8,vWA ,D8S1179,D2 1S11的遗传多态性 ,了解它们在河南汉族人群中的多态分布 ,与其他群体进行比较 ,得出遗传距离 ,并了解它在法医学中的应用价值。　方法　采用多聚酶链式反应扩增这 6个基因座 ,采用非变性聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳银染显色分析。　结果　得出这 6个基因座在河南汉族人群中的基因频率 ,并计算得出杂合度、个体识别率、非父排除率 ,与其他群体比较得出进化距离。　结论　这 6个基因座有较高的杂合度 ,并且具有相对遗传稳定性 ,在人群中的分布符合Hardy -Weinberge平衡 ,有较高的法医学价值 ,可以应用于个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

天津地区朝鲜族9个STR基因座遗传多态性

目的　调查天津地区朝鲜族人群无关个体 9个STR基因座 (D3S135 8、vWA、FGA、D8S1179、D2 1S11、D18S5 1、D5S818、D13S17、D7S82 0 )多态性分布 ,研究其在法医学检验中的应用。方法　应用AmpFLSTR○R　ProfilerPlusTM荧光标记复合扩增系统对 184例天津地区朝鲜族无关个体血样DNA进行 9个STR基因座的复合扩增 ,用ABI310遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测 ,用GeneScan、GenoTyper软件进行基因分型 ,统计计算 9个STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果　该群体上述 9个STR基因座检出的等位基因及其基因型多态性分布良好 ,经校验 ,符合Hardy Weinberg平衡定律 ,累计个体识别力 (TDP)为 0 99999999996 ,偶合率为 4 .0 6×10 - 11,累积非父排除能力 (PE)为 0 9899。结论　上述 9个STR基因座适用于本地区该群体各类案件的法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

亲子鉴定中STR位点数选择及其应用价值研究

目的对在亲子鉴定中STR位点数的选择及其鉴定应用价值进行研究。方法将CODIS13个STR位点分为四个观测组,观测对象包括排除亲权的母亲-孩子-假设父亲三人组合102例,以及肯定亲权的母亲-孩子-假设父亲三人组合100例,通过310遗传分析仪对荧光复合扩增产物进行分型检测。结果各STR观察组出现的最低排除指标数与各观察组累积非父排除概率(CPE)值成一定正相关性,CPE值超过99.99%的两个STR观察组其出现的最低排除指标数为三个,同时这两个STR观察组在肯定亲权的案例分析中,其亲子关系概率值(RCP)值都超过了99.99%。结论对于亲子鉴定中的STR位点检测系统,其非父排除指标应为三个以上,其累积非父排除概率(CPE)值达到99.99%时,就可以认为该STR位点检测系统具有了相关的鉴定应用价值。     

浙江畲族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查浙江畲族人群STR基因座的遗传多态性,为群体遗传学和法医学个人识别、亲子鉴定提供基础数据。方法采用AmpFlSTRProfilerPlus试剂盒(ABI公司),ABI310基因自动分析仪对浙江畲族120名无关个体血样的D3S1358、VWA、FGA、D8S1179、D21S11、D18S51、D5S818、D13S317和D7S820等9个STR基因座进行等位基因频率和基因型频率调查。结果获得浙江畲族人群9个STR基因座的基因频率分布资料,所有基因座基因型频率分布均符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡,计算得杂合度(H)0.655～0.960,个人识别率(DP)0.878～0.960,非父排除率(PE)0.363～0.677,多态信息总量(PIC)0.68～0.86。结论该9个STR基因座在浙江畲族人群中呈高度多态性,在法医学及人类遗传学研究中具有重要意义。     

云南汉族人群11个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性调查及法医学应用

目的调查11个Y-STR基因座及其单倍型在云南汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布,探讨其法医学应用价值,为法医学应用提供基础数据。方法应用Powerplex!Y系统对云南汉族201名无关男性个体进行11个Y-STR基因座的复合扩增,用ABI310型基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测,统计其群体遗传学参数。结果Powerplex!Y系统前10个Y-STR基因座分别检出3、5、6、8、5、4、5、8、4、7个等位基因,DYS385a/b基因座检出56种单倍型;GD值最低为0.4273(DYS438),最高为0.9747(DYS385a/b);观察到11个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型175种,其中有154种单倍型只出现1次,16种出现2次,5种出现3次,累计GD值为0.9984。结论11个Y-STR基因座具有较强的个体识别能力,可应用于云南地区汉族人群的个体识别与亲权鉴定。     

Allele frequencies of 19 STR loci in a Philippine population generated using AmpFlSTR multiplex and ALF singleplex systems

Allele frequencies for the 19 short tandem repeat (STR) loci CSF1PO, D2S1338, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S306, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, DHFRP2 (FOLP23), F13A01, FES/FPS, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA were obtained from a sample of 106 unrelated Filipinos from different regions of the Philippine archipelago.     

北京汉族21个STR基因座的群体遗传学调查与法医应用评价

目的调查459例北京汉族无关个体21个常染色体非CODIS的STR基因座遗传多态性并评价其应用价值。方法用AGCU21＋1荧光标记复合扩增系统对459例无关个体的21个STR基因座（D6S474、D12SATA63、D22S1045、D10S1248、D1S1677、D11S4463、D1S1627、D3S4529、D2S441、D6S1017、D4S2408、D19S433、D17S1301、D1GATA113、D18S853、D20S482、D14S1434、D9S1122、D2S1776、D10S1435、D5S2500）进行检验。得到STR分型后,用相关软件进行统计分析并计算法医学应用参数。结果获得21个STR基因座的频率分布;相关参数为：H值从0.5894-0.8038,PD值从0.7898-0.9265,PE3值从0.3618-0.6029,PE2值从0.2031-0.4256,PIC值从0.5638到0.7640。结论联合应用Identifiler系统和AGCU21＋1系统,有利于亲子关系的认定及对可疑突变的判断。     

江西汉族人群D6S1043等9个STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的研究D6S1043、D8S1132、D11S2368、D7S3048、D18S1364、D20S478、D22-GATA198B05、D2S1772、D13S325共9个STR基因座遗传多态性。方法应用PCR扩增,聚丙稀酰胺垂直电泳及银染技术,对200例中国江西汉族人群上述9个STR基因座首次进行了检验分析。结果获得了中国江西汉族人群基因频率分布资料,基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,杂合度(H)0.7830～0.8768,个体识别率(DP)0.9166～0.9680,非父排除率(PE)0.5795～0.7468,多态信息总量(PIC)0.7493～0.8616。结论D6S1043等9个STR基因座是一组高多态性的遗传标记系统,在法医学及人类遗传学研究中具有重要意义。