独立运动时期李承晚对华认知与对华外交探析

韩人独立运动时期,李承晚的对外观有个萌生、转变与成型的过程,经历了从蔑清拥日防俄亲美到附美联华抗日反苏的蜕变。相应的,李承晚的对华观也由蔑清反清转向了联华疑华。李承晚的对华外交主要体现在跟中国护法军政府开展的缔交外交上,大韩民国临时政府与中国护法军政府实现了外交承认。     

Forgotten brigade of the forgotten war: Turkey's participation in the Korean War

This study is an attempt to shed light on the issue of Cretan Muslim emigration from Crete to the Ottoman Empire in order to analyse the multiple connections among the Ottoman state, immigrants and different localities in the Eastern Mediterranean in the late nineteenth century. Following the Cretan revolts of 1896 and 1897, the establishment of autonomous government on the island of Crete and the withdrawal of Ottoman armies from the island, Cretan Muslims began to emigrate from Crete to various places in the Ottoman Empire. Specifically, this article aims to deal with the migration of Cretan Muslims and to focus mainly on the year 1899, during which large numbers of Muslims were forced to leave their homes. The article suggests that Cretan Muslim emigration provides a good case for understanding the attitudes and policies of the Ottoman state towards migration, and the relationship between the state and immigrants, as well as for analysing the broader connections between Crete and the other localities of the Eastern Mediterranean. The working hypothesis is that in order to understand certain socio-political and demographic changes and transformations experienced within the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century, it is important to study the issue of Cretan Muslim immigration to Ottoman Anatolia. This presents an opportunity to investigate certain questions with regard to the dynamics of migration and also to discuss certain facts associated with migration within the late imperial context.     

A war of perception: the struggle for legitimacy,influence and power through media in post-2001 Afghanistan

The international community and the Afghan government tout the expansion of domestic media in post-2001 Afghanistan as an indication of progress. However, much of Afghan media has been appropriated by powerful ex-warlords to expand their influence and maintain their grip on power. Jamiat-e Islami and Hezb-e Islami – former jihadist groups who continue to wield considerable political influence within the country – are fierce rivals currently wielding their affiliated media outlets to wage a propaganda war against each other. Each seeks to justify its own right to power and to delegitimize the opponent – ratcheting up tension in a country whose future after 2014 remains precarious and uncertain. This study examines the media campaign of each group, analyzing the salient narratives in their media messages, the intended audiences of these narratives, and what the narratives tell us about the intents and concerns of each group.     

U.S. nuclear nonproliferation policy in the Northeast Asian region during the cold war: The South Korean case

In over forty years of relations with the United States, South Korean decision-makers have had plenty of time to estimate the costs and benefits of acquiring nuclear weapons. The puzzle becomes why South Korea did not develop an operational nuclear capability, given the North Korea threat, the weakening of the U.S. guarantee, a vibrant economy, and an advanced nuclear manufacturing base. This case provides proof that U.S. rewards and threats significantly affect Third World states' nuclear decision-making and that the United States has greater influence with smaller and more vulnerable states than with larger and more technologically advanced states.     

体系与依附：独立运动时期李承晚的依附外交研究

19世纪末20世纪初朝鲜时值东方朝贡体系与西方殖民体系冲突的风口浪尖,日本在多次挑战朝贡体系中心（唐、明）失败之后,于清末时期借助殖民体系的理念再次向朝贡体系发起进攻,最终打败清政府将朝鲜变成它的殖民地,此后日本不仅彻底摧毁了朝贡体系,还试图在东亚建立以它为轴心的殖民体系。在此背景下,李承晚及其领导的政府组织依赖美国,希望通过亲美外交来争取美国承认大韩民国临时政府以对抗日本和给予半岛独立。李承晚寄生于他国且通过外交而非武装斗争来呼求他国赐予国家独立的外交模式和独立思想属于依附外交与外交独立论的范畴。所谓依附外交即弱小国家在使用通信、说服、交涉、谈判甚至战争等多种方式对外行使主权来处理国家关系和参与国际事务时,无法依靠自身的力量或意志自主地维护国家利益及实施对外政策,而不得不靠依附于他国和部分地让渡国家利益来处理国家关系的一种外交模式。由于这一外交主体的非独立性或寄生性,其外交政策及其体现出的外交思想染有鲜明的依附性色彩,因此,本文将之界定为依附外交,该概念的理论基础来自依附论中对依附的界定。而李承晚的依附外交主要体现出依附与独立的关系,是一种政治依附,后果则是韩国通过依附式独立方式走向独立式依附。     

Laos: the forgotten war

Abstract

In June 1968, Jacques Decornoy, reporting for Le Monde, was permitted entry into the Pathet Lao zones of eastern Laos. Decornoy's account of his experiences there, although already two years old, remains a classic statement on the horrors of the “forgotten war,” and one of the most insightful presentations of the political program of the Pathet Lao. With Mr. Decornoy's permission, we are reprinting his articles which appeared in Le Monde on July 3 through 7-8, 1968.—C.F.