论刑事诉讼中推定对证明责任分配的影响

刑事司法领域所涉及的利益较为重大,但推定仍然有适用的空间。证明责任的分配并非全部是由推定引起,但是推定在诉讼中通常会对证明责任的分配产生影响。不可反驳的推定将产生证明责任的免除效果;可反驳的推定中法律推定将引起举证责任倒置;事实推定则引起举证责任的转移。     

我国刑事推定规则之构建

刑事推定规则分为实体性规则和程序性规则。目前,我国尚未构建系统的刑事推定规则。我国运用刑事推定存在的问题包括:推定的实体性规则不完善,推定的程序性规则缺失,运用证据的原则未予明确。应当从三个方面构建我国的刑事推定规则,即确立推定的基本原则,包括必要性原则、基础事实真实原则、高度盖然性原则、不得二次推定原则和可反驳原则;构建实体性规则,其任务是界定推定可以适用的范围,包括法律推定和事实推定适用的范围;设置程序性规则,其中如何设置对推定的反驳程序是最为重要的内容。     

走私毒品罪明知的认定——以有偿带货人携带不知藏有毒品行李通关案为例

有偿带货人携带不知藏有毒品行李通关的行为是否构成走私毒品罪的关键在于能否认定行为人具有主观明知。利用刑事推定认定走私毒品犯罪中的主观明知,在我国有充分的法律依据。有偿带货人反驳走私毒品犯罪主观明知推定时,应承担提供证据责任与说服责任。文章认为对基础事实的反驳只需达到存在合理怀疑标准,对推定事实反驳则要达到优势证据证明标准,并提出国家管控快递贩毒的相关法律可引入实名登记制度,实名登记制度和收寄检视制度是证明有偿带货人对推定事实反驳达到优势证据证明标准的关键。     

从自然推定到人造推定——关于推定范畴的反思

在英美法系国家的证据法学中，法律推定和事实推定、可以反驳的推定和不可反驳的推定等范畴的使用相当混乱。推定是人造的，但又不完全是人造的；人造推定是从自然推定发展而来的，人造推定中包含着自然推定的内容。立法推定和司法推定是设立推定规则的两种基本模式；而根据事项主题可以把推定规则分为八类范式，即事态推定、权利推定、行为推定、原因推定、过错推定、意思推定、明知推定和目的推定。目前，我们的任务是实现推定规则设立的规范化。     

刑事推定及其在司法实践中的运用

刑事推定是一种证明方法,即在刑事诉讼之中,裁判者以法律的规定为依据,在反驳不成立的情况下,由基础事实认定推定事实的一种事实认定方式。目前我国解决刑事司法实践中的一些问题时,在使用刑事推定的过程中往往存在标准不一,容易出现错误认定,造成错案,不利于准确打击犯罪和保护社会法益,给社会带来诸多负面影响。因此,刑事推定的立法规范极其必要,并且应该尽快研究确立刑事推定所遵循的原则和适用规则。     

刑事推定与被告人的抗辩责任

在刑事诉讼中 ,刑事推定是认定案件事实的一种重要方法 ,在某种程度上减轻了控方证明的难度。对案件适用推定不是有罪推定 ,而恰恰与无罪推定原则具有相容性。推定具有可反驳性 ,被告要推翻控方的推定必须要提出证据证明 ,承担抗辩责任。此种抗辩责任与控方承担的证明责任不是一个概念。     

推定与客观真实

<正> 推定是证据法中的概念,是指按照思维逻辑或者法律,从已经确定的事实必然推断出未知事实和结论的诉讼行为。推定分为三种:第一种为不可反驳的,即绝对的推定。这种推定不能被任何反证反驳。严格说,这不是证据问题,而是法律原则问题。如,世界各国立法中关于默认的推定规定就是绝对推定。第二种为可反驳的法律推定,即相对的推定,这种推定允许当事人举证否认推定的结果。它以决定当事人是否承担法律责任为结果。如,当事人行为能力的推定。第三种为事实上的推定,它也是相对的法律推定,即对事实的判断,它可引起民事法律关系的设立、变更、中止。如,宣告失踪,宣告失踪人死亡,离婚诉讼中的感情判断等。推定是人类长期审判活动和与之紧密相连的人类物质生活在审判程序上及在实体立法上的科学总结和运用。审判实践告诉我们,没有推定就没有审判。另外,只有使用推定,才能对疑案进行正确处理。稍有经验的司法工作者,都不能不承认,无论在刑事上,还是在民事上都存在疑案,就大多数案件来说,即使不是疑案,也常常有无法认定的事实和情节。而这只能靠推定去解决。但是,我国的诉讼法却偏偏没有推定的规定,甚至连与推定相类似的     

论中国台湾地区刑事法中的推定

鉴于中国台湾地区刑事实体法师承大陆法系而刑事诉讼制度转投英美法系的现状,其推定制度有其独特性,作为分析的样本具有一定的代表性。本文从推定与犯罪构成的关系、法律推定与事实推定、推定的限制等方面,详细阐述了中国台湾地区相关的法制和法学发展,并提出对于中国大陆相关法律制度建立和完善的借鉴与启示作用：中国的犯罪构成理论亟待完善．事实推定与间接证据证明的关系需要厘清,推定的设置和使用都应当有所规制。     

2015—2016年中国证据法治前进步伐

2015-2016 年,我国证据法治建设继续稳步前行,在证据规则的完善、证据司法和证据科学研究等方面取得许多进展.以下从六个方面做简要的概括和评述. 一、证据规则不断完善 (一)《职业病防治法》创设可反驳的强制性推定 我国职业病认定实行推定制度.推定是标志基础事实与假定事实之间法律关系的证据法范畴.《职业病防治法》1 第 46 条第 2 款规定:"没有证据否定职业病危害因素与病人临床表现之间的必然联系的,应当诊断为职业病."据此,判断劳动者是否患有职业病,以其临床表现为准,只要临床表现具有职业病症,即可推定该病症是由于职业危害因素所致.不过,这种推定是一种可反驳的推定,条件是用人单位有证据证明该劳动者所患病症与其职业病危害因素无关.这虽然与一些国家将职业病认定设定为不可反驳的推定还有一定差距,2 但从保护劳动者的角度看无疑体现了证据法的和谐价值.推定的本质特征在于,它是在一个事实与一个假定之间建立的法律关系,3 而不是两个事实(基础事实与待证事实)之间的逻辑关系.从作用上看,只要企业、事业单位和个体经济组织等用人单位没有提供证据"否定职业病危害因素与病人临床表现之间的必然联系的",就"应当诊断为职业病",这是一种可反驳的强制性推定.创设该推定的目的,是为了保护处于弱势地位的劳动者因接触粉尘、放射性物质和其他有毒有害物质而引起疾病的健康权利,促进社会和谐发展.     

论中国台湾地区刑事法中的推定

鉴于中国台湾地区刑事实体法师承大陆法系而刑事诉讼制度转投英美法系的现状,其推定制度有其独特性,作为分析的样本具有一定的代表性。本文从推定与犯罪构成的关系、法律推定与事实推定、推定的限制等方面,详细阐述了中国台湾地区相关的法制和法学发展,并提出对于中国大陆相关法律制度建立和完善的借鉴与启示作用:中国的犯罪构成理论亟待完善,事实推定与间接证据证明的关系需要厘清,推定的设置和使用都应当有所规制。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.