Innovation in the U.S. Service Sector

This paper contributes to ard a better understanding of innovation in the service sector by focusing on the disparate nature of R&D in the U.S. service sector as learned through case studies of the U.S. telecommunications, financial services, systems integration services, and research and development testing services industries. Based on this understanding of the nature and scope of R&D therein, a new policy-oriented model of innovation specific to the service sector is posited. Also, policy recommendations are offered with regard to the public sector’s collection and interpretation of R&D data related to the service sector.      

Preferences,Partisanship, and Whip Activity in the U.S. House of Representatives

Using Democratic whip counts from the 92d House, we compare representatives' stated intentions to their actual roll‐call votes to detect evidence of party pressure. After arguing that this strategy understates real party influence, we nonetheless point to evidence of member conversion by party leaders. On 16 bills analyzed, two‐thirds of the switches between the count and the vote occur in the direction favored by party leaders. We examine one bill in depth, showing how the efforts of party leaders were consequential to the outcome. The pattern of movement on this bill, along with data from the larger set of bills, provides evidence that leaders act strategically, targeting the members whose persuasion requires the fewest resources.     

美国2001年信息技术和产业立法趋势

3月28日,美国国会互联网政策联络小组（Congressional Internet Caucus）并列主席,众议员里克·布歇尔（Rick Boucher）在一次政策研讨会上作了关于信息技术立法的报告。现根据其报告,结合其他调研,对美国国会2001年信息技术和产业领域的立法动态概述如下。一、隐私权问题无疑是2001年的最大政策热点去年以来,隐私权问题日益成为互联网政策的最大热点。其触发因素有二：（1）欧盟在隐私权问题上长期向美国施压,不惜以贸易战相威胁,终于在去年促使美与欧盟达成“信息安全港”协议。（2）美国内消费者和消费者权益组织对包括美国在线…     

高校内部的行政权力与学术权力运行机制分析——以美国高校为借鉴

高校内部的权力被分解为行政与学术两个维度并由两类不同性质的主体分别享有和行使。传统美国主流高校内部行政权力和学术权力的运行机制是行政主导模式。美国高校内部的行政权力通常由董事会和校长掌握。教授通过组建评议会集合行使决策学术领域事务的权力。近一个世纪以来,美国高校内部的权力结构由行政主导模式逐渐向学术权力方向迁移。美国高校纵向的系、院、校三级各自在横向上都是二元治理结构,在每一层级的治理结构中这两种权力呈现出此消彼长的变化趋势。我国高校内部也存在行政权力与学术权力之区分,如何设定两者关系,有待进一步思考。     

Women in the U.S. Armed Services:

No abstract available for this article.     

Measuring U.S. innovative activity: business data at the U.S. Census Bureau

Innovation is seen as a source of strength and vitality in the U.S. economy. Better measures of innovative activity—including but not limited to innovation alone—could improve what we know about the sources of productivity and economic growth. The U.S. Census Bureau collects data on some measures of innovative activity that research shows affect economic performance. But understanding how the effects work requires more than just measures of innovative activity. It also requires solid statistical information about core measures of the economy so we can rule out the possibility that a measure of innovative activity merely proxies for something omitted from or measured poorly in the core data. Gaps in core measures can be filled by better integrating existing data and by more structured collections of new data. Versions of this paper were presented at the NSF/SRS Workshop, Advancing Measures of Innovation: Knowledge Flows, Business Metrics, and Measurement Strategies, Arlington VA, June 6–7, 2006, and circulated to the Advisory Committee on Measuring Innovation in the 21st Century Economy, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. This paper is unofficial and thus has not undergone the review accorded to official Census Bureau publications. Lucia Foster, Ron Jarmin, Jeffrey Mayer, Thomas Mesenbourg, and Daniel Weinberg, and the editors made valuable comments. However, the views expressed in the paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the U.S. Census Bureau.     

Autism in the U.S.: social movement and legal change

The social movement surrounding autism in the U.S. has been rightly defined a ray of light in the history of social progress. The movement is inspired by a true understanding of neuro-diversity and is capable of bringing about desirable change in political discourse. At several points along the way, however, the legal reforms prompted by the autism movement have been grafted onto preexisting patterns of inequality in the allocation of welfare, education, and medical services. In a context most recently complicated by economic recession, autism-driven change bears the mark of political and legal fragmentation. Distributively, it yields ambivalent results that have not yet received systemic attention. This article aims to fill this analytical vacuum by offering, first, a synoptic view of the several legal transformations brought about or advocated for by the autism movement and, second, a framework for investigating their distributive consequences.     

Child health policy in the U.S.: the paradox of consensus

The U.S. spends more of its total GNP on health services than any other nation, yet it has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the industrialized world. Young American children are immunized at rates that are one-half those of Western Europe, Canada, and Israel. In the mid-1980s, a consensus among policymakers on the need for federal action to improve child health services resulted in the expansion of Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women and young children and the separation of Medicaid eligibility from eligibility for AFDC. The current phase of child health policymaking includes discussion of much broader proposals for changes in health care financing and innovation in health care delivery. This examination of child health policy begins by reviewing the politics of maternal and child health services from the early twentieth century to the Reagan administration, including the role of feminist movements, the development of pediatrics, and the expansion of federal involvement during the 1960s. Next, the politics of Medicaid expansion as a strategy for addressing child health issues are discussed. Current critiques of child health services in the U.S. are examined, along with proposals to restructure health care financing and delivery. Central to the politics of child health policy during the 1980s and into the 1990s is the way in which child health has been defined. Infant mortality and childhood illness are presented as preventable problems. Investment in young children is discussed as a prudent as well as a compassionate policy, one which will reduce future health care costs and enhance our position in the international economy. Unlike other "disadvantaged groups," children are universally viewed as innocent and deserving of societal support. Framing child health issues in these terms helped to produce consensus on the expansion of Medicaid eligibility. Yet the issues beyond the expansion of Medicaid eligibility involve the restructuring of health care financing and delivery, and, on these issues, conflict is far more likely than consensus.     

气候变化语境下的美国环境诉讼——以马塞诸塞州诉美国联邦环保局案为例

气候变化诉讼是美国环境法的新领域,马塞诸塞州诉美国联邦环保局案是气候变化诉讼的经典判决.该案核心争议在于原告是否享有起诉资格以及美国联邦环保局对新机动车辆的温室气体排放是否有权进行立法规制等.该案对美国的政治、经济、法律等领域产生了深远、广泛的影响.判决所确立的原告起诉资格规则大大松动了传统的规则;该案实质是不同利益诉求的州及相关利益团体的能源、经济等利益的博弈;对于美国以化石燃料为根基的煤炭、汽车、电力等行业以及美国未来能源经济影响深远;反映了美国气候变化政策与法律机制之复杂现实状况.     

论社区矫正与其他非拘禁措施——问题与解决思路

社区矫正制度与非拘禁措施在欧洲有逾30年历史,比较成熟。各国分在审前阶段,审前阶段和刑罚执行阶段规定了不同的非拘禁措施。非拘禁措施的执行必须建立在信赖的基础之上,而且要有法律规定做保障。     

Position Taking and Cosponsorship in the U.S. House

Bill cosponsorship has become an important part of the legislative and electoral process in the modern House of Representatives. Using interviews with congressional members and staff, I explain the role of cosponsorship as a signal to agenda setters and a form of position taking for constituents. Regression analysis confirms that cosponsoring varies with a member's electoral circumstances, institutional position, and state size, but generally members have adapted slowly to the introduction of cosponsorship to the rules and practice of the House.     

美国《拜杜法案》的重思与变革

1980年12月12日通过的美国<拜杜法案>是美国专利法制度的重要组成部分. 回顾该法案的制定动因和基本内容,梳理法案给美国大学带来的深远影响以及遭遇的批评和质疑,可以认为大学不是专利怪客.克服<拜杜法案>的局限和失灵在于大学和其他利益方主体的利益平衡,美国<2009年专利法修改案>对于在成熟的知识经济时代的<拜杜法案>如何变革进行了回应.     

对"牛吃麦"案例的另一维度的解释——英、美土地制度和财产制度的变迁

科斯定理是从经济效益的角度来分配权利的,它的"拍卖式"法律价值取向贯穿于美国土地制度与财产制度的发展历程.在与科斯定理相关的"牛吃麦"案例上,美国初始选择了"圈出"规则,后又转向"圈入"规则,其规则的变动始终遵循着"经济效益最大化"原则;而英国自始至终选择了"圈入"规则,早期是为了维护公共财产利益,之后是为了维护私有财产利益,在这过程中,"权利保护原则"是其不变的宗旨.科斯定理纯粹从经济效益的角度来解释有着相同法治渊源与传统的英、美两国在"牛吃麦"案例上所适用规则的差异性,欠缺历史维度的法律分析.     

方法可专利性判断标准研究：美国的规则与实践——从Bilski诉Kappos案谈起

可专利性是专利法领域的基础问题。就美国专利法而言,机器、制造品及合成物的可专利性判断标准基本上不存在分歧。但是随着计算机、软件以及互联网等新技术的出现,因计算机软件和商业方法可专利性问题不断引起方法可专利性判断标准的热议。根据时代变迁,美国专利司法实践一直不断地在探索和修正已有的方法可专利性判断标准,并且至今仍在不断发展和丰富相关判断标准。