论制度的结构、功能与绩效

制度问题是近年来社会科学研究的前沿与核心之一。20世纪80年代以来,学界从经济学、政治学、哲学、伦理学等多学科,多角度对制度进行了深入的探讨和研究。但关于什么是制度,制度结构与制度功能是什么等一系列作为制度主义①研究逻辑起点的基本理论问题并未得以厘清。本文旨在澄清一些基本概念的涵义,并探究其相互关系,期望能为构建新的制度分析框架提供某些启发性思路。     

社区治理结构与社区直选民主制度绩效

社区治理结构表现为社区内外各行为主体之间的权力和权利关系,可从纵向网络结构和横向网络结构两个方面展开分析。在社区治理结构中,行为主体的越位或缺位行为影响社区直选民主制度绩效,并进一步固化原有的社区治理结构。调整社区治理结构,规范社区内外权力关系,培育社区公民社会,是提高社区直选民主制度绩效的有效路径。     

绩效技术与政府行政绩效

在当今经济全球化背景下,我们如何在日益激烈的竞争机制下,引进高效、专业化的管理模式和方法来增强自身的竞争力,已成为各种行政管理机构诸如医院、学校、政府等机关当前面临和亟待解决的问题。本文首先讨论绩效技术与政府行政绩效,然后对我国政府行政绩效应用中存在的问题提出一些思考。     

浅析关键绩效指标在绩效管理中的应用

关键绩效指标(KPI)在广泛研究与不断实践中,日益受到越来越多的关注.很多企业都在尝试使用这类指标,但令人遗憾的是,只有极个别企业能够真正落实到操作层面上并发挥有效的作用.因为KPI是来自于公司战略目标的分解,能在很大程度上反映组织的经营重点和阶段型方向,所以成为绩效管理的基础.     

绩效管理理论与高校教师评价浅析

教师评价是师资队伍建设的重要环节。针对目前教师评价中存在的问题,借鉴绩效管理理论,实现高校教师评价要兼顾学校的目标与教师个人的发展、兼顾教师的行为与结果、兼顾定性考核与定量考核、兼顾长期目标与短期目标。     

浅析行政绩效评估

行政绩效是行政系统衡量和评价行政机关及其人员工作实绩的客观依据,对行政绩效的有效评估,将有助于提高行政工作效率、实现行政管理职能.笔者设计了一种行政绩效评估公式,且从理论和实践的结合上阐述了评估的各个环节及其过程,力求使评估工作具可操作性,便于行政系统了解和掌握评估的内容、程序及方法,保证行政绩效评估客观、真实、公正.     

马克思关于经济运行中市场结构的研究

市场结构是市场经济的重要内容之一。马克思以对资本主义经济关系的研究为基础。从市场范畴的基本内涵、市场分类的不同维度、世界市场的性质及运行机制等方面对这一问题做了深入的分析。这些分析对我们今天探讨以市场营销为手段促进中国特色社会主义市场经济的健康发展有重要启示。     

上市公司股权结构、股东行为与治理绩效问题实证分析

本文利用上市公司年报数据分析描述了上市公司股权构成、股权集中度、股东行为的特征,并在此基础上验证了三者与公司绩效之间关系的研究假设。结果表明,国家股、法人股没有表现出其与公司绩效的显著相关关系;流通股对公司绩效也不存在显著的相关关系。股权集中程度越高公司绩效越差。股东参与公司治理的积极性与公司绩效之间存在正相关关系。     

共享领导的概念内涵、内容结构、绩效水平与实施策略

共享领导的思想萌芽于20世纪20年代,其理论形成于20世纪末与21世纪初.共享领导是一个动态的、交互的群体影响过程,在这一过程中将根据任务特点由具有相应专长的团队成员履行领导职能,并根据情境变化动态更替领导角色以实现团队和组织的目标.共享领导具有领导权力的共享性、领导行为的互依性、领导行动的情境性、领导边界的开放性等特征.共享领导是一种适用于信息网络社会、知识经济时代的管理工具,能够产生优于传统等级领导的绩效.文章全面阐述了共享领导的概念内涵、内容结构、绩效水平以及组织实施共享领导的策略,期望能推动共享领导在中国的发展.     

浅析我国商业银行绩效考评体系

绩效考评不但是对银行一定阶段经营管理状况和工作执行的检测和价值评估,绩效考评制度设计本身也反映了银行在一定时期内的经营理念。现代商业银行经历了一个由追逐规模的经营模式向重视平衡风险和利润、重视质量效益的模式的转变过程,逐步树立起以银行价值最大化的经营理念。绩效考评也呈现出来由过去的以利润最大化为考评标准,逐步转变为以管理为核心的综合效益考评,简单来说就是从管理利润提升到了管理价值。     

Rent-seeking and market structure: Comment

If the firms in an industry are to be successful in raising money to influence government, two conditions must be met: (1) there must be sufficient rents available from government decisions regarding that industry to make such expenditures worthwhile, and (2) the industry must be sufficiently concentrated to avoid a free-rider problem in fund-raising. This argument, though seemingly intuitively appealing, has been under recent empirical attack; this paper seeks to restore the parapets.     

Interest group activity and long-run stock market performance

This paper provides evidence that interest group activity is negatively related to aggregate stock market performance. In particular, the findings imply that a one percent increase in the number of interest groups in a country is associated with a reduction in average annual stock market returns of roughly 2–5%, and a reduction in the volatility of annual stock returns of roughly 6–14%. In addition, the findings indicate that many of the same fundamentals that drive economic growth also explain stock market performance.     

Urban government and market reforms in China

Chinese reformers wish through their economic programme to create a new form of developmental state in China and a new relationship between state and economy. This paper examines these issues through a study of the impact of Chinese economic reforms on the structure and behaviour of local government, focusing on urban government at the district level. It looks at three aspects of the issue—the trend towards financial decentralization, institutional changes in district administration and changes in the relationship between local government and the urban economy. It concludes (contrary to arguments which regard bureaucratic response to the reforms as one of pure inertia and obstruction) that urban local government has changed in several major ways, the most obvious being a trend towards institutional expansion and proliferation. From the point of view of the reform process, some institutional changes have been positive, others negative, resulting in a ‘dualistic’ state which contains elements of both old and new forms of developmental state. There is a need for systematic analysis of the specific future needs and evolution of China's urban government which would guide a process of politico-administrative reform comparable to the current economic reform.     

The dynamics of financial globalization: Technology,market structure,and policy response

The development of increasingly transnationalized (globalized) financial markets raises several key issues for the analysis of politics, public policy, and the national state. This article suggests that financial globalization increasingly constrains policymakers and circumscribes the policy capacity of the state. After looking briefly at a range of approaches to the process of financial globalization itself, the author suggests that technological change is the main independent variable, by reducing transaction costs and dramatically increasing the price sensitivity of financial markets across borders, while at the same time making possible a range of economies of scale. These very developments have a knock-on effect throughout the domestic and international economies. They in turn make obsolescent the political economies of scale — the governance structures — which have characterized economic policy in modern nation-states, undermining the capacity of the state to produce public goods. At the same time, globalized financial markets interact with rapidly changing interest group structures and divided state structures, especially through regulatory arbitrage. Without the development of transnational regimes capable of regulating global financial markets, the structural basis of the national state itself is being undermined, and Polanyi's Great Transformation is over.     

中国封建时代市场价格管理的历史考察

重视市场价格管理,是中国封建时代商业管理的重要内容。中国封建时代确立的市场价格管理方法,是和当时人们对于市场价格波动及对这种认识所作的理论分析是分不开的。许多市场价格管理的理论与方法,对今天的价格管理,仍有借鉴作用。     

清末股票市场监管制度建设的原因及绩效评析

股票市场监管是证券业和股份经济健康发展的要求及保障。我国股票市场监管制度建设起源于清朝末期,追溯该时期股票市场监管制度建设的成效与缺陷,总结其原因和教训,有助于我们完善现阶段的股票市场监管体制并控制金融风潮的爆发。     

The failure of market failure

The concept of market failure was originally presented by economists as a normative explanation of why the need for government expenditures might arise. Gradually, the concept has taken on the form of a full‐scale diagnostic tool frequently employed by policy analysts to determine the exact scope and nature of government intervention. For some time, economists have known that the market failure idea is conceptually flawed. The authors of this article demonstrate why this is so, employing concepts drawn from the perspective of transaction costs. In a review of empirical studies, they further show how the market failure diagnostic leads analysts to make generalizations that are not supported by facts. Transaction cost analysis helps to explain the underlying processes involved. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

中国社会阶层结构变迁中存在的问题

建国以来,中国社会阶层结构变迁中产生过和仍存在诸多问题,对其清醒的认识,有助于提供政治制度改革视角,促进政治发展。