Comparison of Different Analytical Methods for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Postmortem Blood

The determination of carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is of utmost importance in forensic toxicology to determine the cause of death in cases of CO poisoning, fire, and explosions. To this end, reliable and updated analytical methods are required. In this paper, four different methods for the determination of carbon monoxide in postmortem blood samples were compared: (i) the spectrophotometric determination of COHb applying the method proposed by Rodkey and modified by Beutler–West, (ii) the spectrophotometric determination of CO using a micro-diffusion-based method, (iii) the determination of CO by gas chromatography coupled to a TCD detector, and (iv) the determination of COHb by blood gas analysis. Three postmortem blood samples were analyzed with all methods, and the results were comparable. The applied methodologies showed different features depending on the sensitivity, sample preparation, and volume. The HS-GC/TCD method in our hand was the most appropriate, on postmortem samples, and versatile to apply. Unfortunately, only a limited number of postmortem blood samples were available for this study due to the rarity of that kind of intoxication in our jurisdiction.     

血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析

目的对交通事故中血液中乙醇检测结果进行法医学分析。方法从检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败、饮酒量与血液中乙醇质量浓度关系等方面进行血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析。结果检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败等因素直接影响血液中乙醇检测结果。结论为保证交通执法的公正性，对血液中乙醇检测结果应当作法医学分析。     

血液、尿液中氯胺酮及其代谢物去甲氯胺酮的HPLC分析

目的 建立血液、尿液中氯胺酮及其代谢物去甲氯胺酮的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法.方法 以非那西丁为内标,检材加入10%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH值为14,用甲苯提取,离心后取有机层,水浴下吹干,乙腈定容后进HPLC仪分析.结果 检测血液中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的线性范围均是0.05～10μg/mL(r2＞0.999 3),检测尿液中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的线性范围均是0.01～50 μg/mL(r2＞0.999 5).氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮在血液和尿液中的检测限分别是0.006 μg/mL和0.003 μg/mL.血液和尿液中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的回收率不低于82.4%.检测血液和尿液中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的日内精密度和日间精密度均小于10.0%.将所建的方法应用于给大鼠氯胺酮后的血液和尿液中的氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的测定,得到了氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮在大鼠的药时曲线和尿排药速率曲线. 结论本方法简便、快捷,适用于血液、尿液中氯胺酮及其代谢物去甲氯胺酮的分析.     

The determination of drugs of abuse in whole blood by means of FPIA and EMIT-dau immunoassays--a comparative study

Six groups of common drugs of abuse (cannabinoids, benzoylecgonine, opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines) were determined in whole blood after acetone precipitation, using enzyme multiplied immunoassay (EMIT dau) and fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA--Abbott TDx and ADx) methods. Both methods, designed primarily for urine, allowed the determination of all above mentioned class of drugs but amphetamine. Only 1 ml of a pre- or postmortem blood sample was needed. The sensitivity of cannabinoids determination was higher by FPIA. The FPIA method gave more precise results, particularly in the case of autopsy blood. The method was applied for drug screening in autopsy and police blood samples. The results (both positive and negative) were in agreement with those obtained with chromatographic methods.     

生物检材中的液化石油气成分的土顶空GC/MS分析

目的 建立测定人血中液化石油气(LPG)主要成分的定性定量方法。方法 将LPG添加到血中,用综合质谱图及保留时间定性、单离子法定量分析。结果LPG的7种主要成分血中最小检出限为12.8～31.3ng;仪器最小测量限为1.02～3.36ng。结论 土顶空-GC/MS法测定人血中LPG,简便、快速、准确,适用于LPG成分的检测。     

液相色谱/质谱法检测血液中的艾司佐匹克隆

目的建立手性分离-液相色谱/质谱法,用于分离检测血液中艾司佐匹克隆。方法血液经HLB小柱固相萃取后,采用手性分离柱,用电喷雾正离子模式离子化、多反应监测模式检测艾司佐匹克隆,外标法定量。结果采用本文方法可有效分离佐匹克隆的左旋、右旋异构体,血中艾司佐匹克隆在1～100ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.996 4,最低检出限为0.8ng/mL,回收率为76%～88%,日内与日间精密度均小于8%。结论本文所建方法简便、快速、分离度好,适用于血液中艾司佐匹克隆的检测。     

血中精神药物的气相色谱-质谱分析

目的建立人血中精神药物的GC-MS测定方法。方法样品在pH12条件下用乙醚萃取,SKF_525A为内标。以DB-5MS石英毛细管柱、EI源、不分流进样测定人血中四种精神药物。结果人血中四种精神药物与内标物分离良好,血药浓度在0.2-1.0μg,／ml范围内呈线性关系,R2≥0.9728,最低检出限为0.01μg(S／N≥3),血中精神药物的最低检出浓度为0.05μg／ml(S／N≥3),提取率72.5％～89.3％,RSD≤5.17％。四种精神药物日内差RSD≤3.7％(n=5)。结论本法可用于精神药物的血药浓度监测。     

自动固相萃取法(SPE)提取常见安眠镇静药

目的为筛选检验血、尿中未知安眠镇静药和三环抗忧郁药建立一种简便、快速的自动固相萃取方法。方法采用美国Zymark公司的自动固相萃取仪和Waters公司的OasisHLB固相萃取柱,同步提取血、尿中的25种常见安眠镇静药(包括巴比妥类、苯二氮卓类、吩噻嗪类药物等)和三环抗忧郁药。结果尿中药物提取率大部分达到80%以上;血中药物提取率在75%以上。结论该方法具有提取过程自动化,操作简便快捷,提取回收率高、重现性好、提取物干净等特点,可用于实际案件中血、尿中未知安眠镇静药和三环抗忧郁药的提取检验。     

固相萃取毛细管区带电泳法测定全血中甲基苯丙胺

目的建立全血中甲基苯丙胺的固相萃取毛细管区带电泳法检验方法。方法血液采用OasisHLB固相萃取小柱直接萃取,BeckmanP/ACEMDQ毛细管电泳仪区带法分析。结果回归方程y=0.0083x-0.0164,线性范围5～75μg/mL(r=0.994),日内精密度RSD=2.22%,日间精密度RSD=5.31%,盐酸甲基苯丙胺质量浓度为25.0μg/mL的全血相对回收率(91.63±2.5)%。电泳分离良好,空白无干扰。结论本方法操作简便,适用于全血中甲基苯丙胺的检验。     

人血、尿中富马酸喹硫平的气相色谱分析

目的建立人血、尿中富马酸喹硫平的气相色谱分析方法。方法用乙醚提取血、尿中的富马酸喹硫平，直接对其进行定性、定量分析。以正常人血、尿为空白样本，分别添加标准富马酸喹硫平，确定检材的前处理方法、色谱分析条件、工作曲线、线性范围、方法的精密度、回收率等，并对1例大剂量服用富马酸喹硫平中毒死者的体液浓度进行测定。结果该方法分析血、尿中富马酸喹硫平的线性范围分别为8．0～800．0μg／ml和20．0—800．0μg/ml；最低检测限分别为0．04μg／ml和0．10μg／ml（S／N≥3），日内、日间精密度均小于4％，回收率在97．08％-101．42％之间。结论该分析方法操作便捷、实用、准确度高，适用于富马酸喹硫平的临床血药浓度快速监测和法医毒物鉴定。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时检测全血中16种除草剂

目的建立全血中16种除草剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测方法,为除草剂中毒案事件及其他刑事案件血液中该16种除草剂的检验鉴定提供依据。方法取200μL的血液,加入800μL乙腈-水(体积比80/20),进行蛋白沉淀后,采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以水(5mmol/L的甲酸铵,0.1%的甲酸)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)、多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式对16种化合物进行检测。结果在1~200ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,R2均大于0.996;基质效应(ME%)为85.2%~104.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD%)为0.72%~4.84%;仪器检出限(IDLs)为0.2~2 ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),方法检出限(MDLs)为0.5~3ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),最低定量限(LOQs)为1~7ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥10)。结论本实验建立的全血中16种除草剂同时检验方法,前处理简便快捷、回收率高、精密度好、方法检出限低,可作为该16种除草剂中(投)毒案件的检验方法。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人全血中灭多威

目的建立一种简便的测定人全血中灭多威的液相色谱-质谱联用法。方法样品处理采用液-液乙酸乙酯萃取方法。色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18(2.1mm×50mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5mL/min,柱温40℃。采用ESI离子源,MRM离子方式监测。结果灭多威在0.05~2.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性良好(r0.995)。灭多威的方法回收率均在90%~108%的范围内,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。结论本方法可简单、高效地检测全血中灭多威浓度。     

A rapid method for blood alcohol determination by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector.

A method for the determination of blood alcohol concentration by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector is described. A determination can be made within 2 min, and only 0.1 ml of blood is required for each analysis. The detector response was linearly related to ethanol concentrations up to 3.0 mg/ml. The standard deviation of a single determination was +/- 0.014 mg/ml. The accuracy of the method based on comparison with an enzymatic (alcohol dehydrogenase) technique was high, the mean recovery being 102.2% of the attributed concentration. The ease of the operation and fast analysis time make the method ideal for serial determinations, for example during mass screening of biological samples for ethyl alcohol in forensic and toxicology laboratories.     

血液中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的LC/MS/MS分析

目的　建立血液中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的LC/MS/MS分析方法。方法　用 1%三氯乙酸 乙腈萃取血液样品 ,采用电喷雾离子源 ,正离子MRM扫描。结果　本方法线性相关系数r≥ 0 992 2。最低检测浓度(LOQ ,S/N =5 )分别为乌头碱 2 0ng/ml ,次乌头碱 0 5ng/ml ,新乌头碱 0 5ng/ml。空白血添加回收率 91 2 5 %～10 3 1%,变异系数 (CV ,n =6) <10 93 %。结论　LC/MS/MS法灵敏可靠 ,样品处理快速简便 ,适用于血液中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的检测。     

Sex determination of blood stains with a recombinant DNA probe: comparison with radioactive and non-radioactive labeling methods

A recombinant DNA probe hybridizing specifically to human repeat DNA sequence (pHY10) of which about 3000 copies are present on the Y chromosome was used for sex determination of degraded DNA samples of blood stains. Human blood stains of male and female origin were readily differentiated with the pHY10 DNA probe. This radioactive technique enabled reliable and sensitive sex determination from blood or dried blood stains greater than 20 years old. Less than 1 microliter of blood or 1 piece of 0.5 cm length thread of blood stain from cotton fabric was sufficient for the test using dot blot hybridization. Compared with the radioactive labeling method, the photobiotin labeling method showed one thirtieth to one fiftieth lower sensitivity and presented some problems which are expected to be resolvable.     

顶空气质联用法测定腐败血、肝检材中CO

目的研究CO中毒腐败血、肝组织检材中CO的HS/GC/MS检测。方法用HS/GC/MS法分析碳氧血红蛋白(COHb)血的线性范围。配制10%、30%、50%、70%浓度COHb血样,分别在室温、冷藏、冷冻条件下保存,分别在当日、第4、14、45d进行测定,比较实验结果。腐败肝组织由雄性健康家兔通CO气体致死,当天解剖,家兔肝常温隔绝空气保存并放35d至腐败,期间进行不定期顶空测定分析。结果制备的COHb血在0-100%之间有良好的线性关系Y=2.4X+2.2(r=0.9995)。以此方法测定家兔CO中毒致死的COHb新鲜血的浓度和4℃下放置45dCOHb腐败血,结果表明温度对血样中COHb%的测定影响最大。采用HS/GC/MS法检测,每次只需0.25ml血样或1g肝脏,分析一次时间只需3min,均可检测出新鲜检材和常温放置45d的腐败肝组织检材CO的含量。结论HS/GC/MS法能检出CO中毒的腐败生物检材中CO。     

Rapid and sensitive quantitation of cyanide in blood and its application to fire victims.

We developed a head-space method for the determination of blood cyanide by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. In this technique, a reaction precolumn packed with chloramine-T was used for the conversion of hydrogen cyanide into cyanogen chloride. Since the reaction precolumn eliminated the necessity of trapping hydrogen cyanide from biological samples, blood cyanide could be analyzed quickly by acidification only. Using this method, blood cyanide levels of fire victims were determined at autopsy. The serum values of cyanide ranged from 0.11 micrograms/ml to 18.12 micrograms/ml. However, a significantly higher cyanide content was detected in the left ventricular blood than in the right. This indicates that death was caused by the fire and suggests that the collecting point of the blood sample is an important factor in the determination of inhaled cyanide. There was a positive correlation between blood cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin contents.     

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin in blood

The spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in blood reported by Fretwurst and Meinecke was modified so as to give the same values of percentage HbCO (HbCO%) as those determined by the oxygen electrode method. Values of HbCO% of nine practical samples determined by both the oxygen electrode method and the present method were nearly identical regardless of the presence of methemoglobin (Met-Hb) in blood. The present method is suitable for forensic practice.     

HS-GC／FID分析血中的乙醚

目的建立顶空GC/FID分析血中乙醚的方法。方法用顶空GC/FID分析血中乙醚,并对萃取条件和色谱条件进行优化。结果方法的检出限为0.3ug/ml,回收率为81%,相对标准偏差为4.4%。结论该法简便、快速、灵敏,适合毒物分析检验的要求。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血液和尿液中秋水仙碱

目的建立检测血液和尿液中秋水仙碱的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法0.5mL血液或尿液以丁丙诺啡为内标,经pH9.2硼酸盐缓冲溶液碱化后,用乙酸乙酯进行提取,在ZORBAX SB-C18液相柱(150mm×2.1mm×5μm)上以V(甲醇)∶V(20mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸缓冲溶液)=80∶20为流动相,流速为0.2mL/min,采用电喷雾正离子模式离子化、多反应监测模式检测秋水仙碱,内标法定量。结果血液、尿液中秋水仙碱与内标丁丙诺啡色谱分离良好,秋水仙碱在0.1~50 ng/mL内均具有良好的线性,相关系数>0.9990,最低检出限为0.05ng/mL,方法回收率为94%~116%,日内与日间精密度(RSD)均小于8.5%。结论所建LC-MS-MS方法灵敏度高、操作简便、快速、准确,适用于血液及尿液等生物检材中痕量秋水仙碱成分的检测。