Ideational Origins of Progressive Judicial Activism: The Colombian Constitutional Court and the Right to Health

Why do some constitutional transitions trigger the emergence of progressive judicial activism? This article addresses this question through an analysis of the creation of the Colombian Constitutional Court and its subsequent activism toward rights in general and the right to health in particular. This research suggests that ideational variables are crucial to explain this outcome. On the one hand, the Constitutional Court's behavior reflects the dominance of the institutional conception that it is the judiciary's role to help fulfill the promises of the constitutional text. On the other, programmatic beliefs about the relationship between the rule of law and market‐driven economic growth led powerholders to create the court and appoint judges with this orientation. The emergence of progressive judicial activism in Colombia, this analysis suggests, was the unexpected outcome of purposeful political choices made by proponents of neoliberal economics.     

Greatness as Measure? Recent Writings on the High Court of Australia

Owen Dixon. By P. Ayres
Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia. Edited by T. Blackshield, M. Coper and G. Williams
The Brennan Legacy: Blowing the Winds of Legal Orthodoxy. By R. Creyke and P. Keyzer     

美国最高法院的成长——评伯纳德·施瓦茨的《美国最高法院史》

联邦最高法院的司法审查权,一直是美国学界和政界有争议的话题。有学者甚至断言,由于违反民主原则,最高法院会因行使司法审查权而被美国人民最终抛弃。①对此,美国著名宪法学者伯纳德.施瓦茨(1923~1997)在其著作《美国最高法院史》一书中,以历史笔法和法律现实主义态度取代了法理分析,重现最高法院200多年的司法之旅,通过对不同时期最高法院工作与生活的对比,有力地证明最高法院是一个政治机构,司法审查权作为改革工具,推动了社会的发展。对最高法院司法审查权的合法性做出了肯定的回答。一司法审查权的起源1803年的马伯里诉麦迪逊案②确立…     

Selling Goodwill: Peter Russo and the Promotion of Australia-Japan Relations, 1935-1941

This article examines the contribution of Dr Peter Russo (1908-1985) to Australia-Japan relations from 1935 to 1941. Born and educated in Australia, Russo went to Japan in 1931 as the recipient of a travelling scholarship, and in 1934 he was appointed to a lectureship in modern languages at the Tokyo University of Commerce. In 1935, acting in his capacity as delegate for Japan's principal organisation for international cultural relations, he undertook a successful lecture tour in Australia, and in the same year acted as adviser to Japanese diplomat, Katsuji Debuchi, on a goodwill tour of Australia and New Zealand. Over the next five years Russo worked to consolidate these efforts, but as the Pacific War drew closer his loyalty to Australia was increasingly brought into question. The article will trace the development of Russo's role in promoting Australia-Japan relations between 1935 and his return to Australia amid suspicion and controversy in 1941.     

试析1949年至1950年间印尼保守华人群体的动摇与分化

新中国的成立,特别是中国印尼邦交关系的建立,对印尼华人社会产生了重要影响.是否顺应这一历史发展潮流成为划分印尼华人社会中进步与保守群体的标准.受中国印尼局势发展的影响,印尼华人社会中的保守华人群体出现了动摇和分化.不过,在中国印尼建交前后的一段时期内,印尼国内外的复杂因素亦影响了保守华人群体所发生的这种转变.     

独立模式对建国初期政治发展的影响:印度尼西亚与马来西亚的比较

战后印度尼西亚、马来西亚两国的民族解放运动通过不同的模式先后摆脱了殖民统治 ,取得民族独立 ,开始走上了探索政治、经济现代化的道路。由于两国独立经历的差异 ,建国初期即第一代国家领导人执政时期 ,两国的政治发展也呈现了各具特色的态势 ,这在领导人的政治意识形态 ,军队在政治中的作用 ,公职人员状况三个方面表现得尤为突出。     

浅论美国第三轮量化宽松政策退出对东南亚国家的影响

2008年以来,美国的量化宽松政策向国际市场投放了大量的流动性。相对欧美国家而言,东南亚新兴国家有着较为稳定的金融环境、较快的经济增长、外向型的经济发展方式以及较大的利差,吸引了大量的外资前来"避难"。如今,美国第三轮量化宽松政策正式结束,东南亚新兴国家的经济发展面临新的挑战。在对东南亚国家在美国第一、二轮量化宽松政策退出后的经济状况进行分析的基础上,本文试图探讨美国第三轮量化宽松政策退出给东南亚国家带来的影响,并简要介绍东南亚国家的应对措施。     

Pathways to Karlsruhe: A Sequence Analysis of the Careers of German Federal Constitutional Court Judges

Judges of the German Federal Constitutional Court can be seen as both judicial and political elites. Yet up to now there is no systematic work on the Court's' judges and especially their careers prior to their appointments. Using sequence analysis, this article identifies four relatively distinct clusters of career characteristics: academia, administration (and administrative courts), ordinary jurisdiction and politics. Judges whose career background is limited to the judicial sphere mostly advance from a level below the Länder to the Länder and then on to the federal level, while those with a background in politics or administration switch less often among them. Furthermore, little evidence was found to suggest that differences in the judges' career paths can be explained by reference to the body that elected them (Bundestag or Bundesrat) or the party that nominated them (CDU/CSU or SPD). The article also illustrates the possibilities of sequence analysis for elite studies.     

近三十年来中国学者对美国最高法院的研究与认识

20世纪90年代以来,随着美国宪政热在中国的兴起,中国学界对美国最高法院的认识在不断加深,几乎每年都有相关论文、著述问世,[2]专门的研究队伍也初具规模.回顾改革开放以来中国学者对美国最高法院的研究,既是对已有研究成果的梳理,也可以为将来的研究做铺垫,继往以开来.     

Recognising the People's Republic of China: A Reappraisal of Australian Foreign Policy During the First Menzies Ministry 1950–51

The attitude of the early Menzies Government towards the recognition of the People's Republic of China has not been well understood in the literature on Australia's international relations. The early Menzies regime has been taken by some scholars to be implacably opposed to communism, including Chinese communism, by others to have ceased to consider recognition because of the Korean War and by a third contingent to have been responsive to United States pressure not to recognise the Chinese communist government. A perusal of the foreign policy documents of the period of the first Menzies ministry reveals that both Menzies and Spender were giving favourable consideration to recognising the People's Republic of China during late 1950 and early 1951 and that none of these three views were decisive in preventing recognition. The question for Menzies and Spender was not whether to recognise but when to recognise and the actions of the Chinese communists themselves, in particular their attitude to British recognition, created the greatest impediment to recognition by Australia at that time.     

欧洲专利一体化的最新进展——拟议中的“统一专利法院”述评

自第二次世界大战以来,欧洲各国一直在探索专利一体化的道路。通过制定《欧洲专利条约》、《欧洲共同体专利条约》,并设置欧洲专利组织等方式(EPO)实现了欧洲专利申请制度的一体化。然而,欧洲专利诉讼仍由各国法院根据本国法审理,由此引发出同案不同判、同案不同罚以及诉讼费用高昂等各种问题,为欧洲专利制度的统一及其功效的发挥设置了诸多障碍。欧洲统一专利法院的设立解决了上述问题,实现了欧洲专利审判的一体化,对欧洲经济发展、企业竞争力提高都有很大的帮助,对于我国企业从事欧洲贸易和政府探索建立专门化的知识产权审判法院都有着重要的借鉴意义。     

Crossroads of High Asia: A review article—books on Ladakh

Eva K. Dargyay and Ulrich Grüber, Ladakh, Innenansicht eines Landes. Düsseldorf/Cologne: Diederichs, 1980. 300 pp, colour photographs, bibliography, glossary, chronological table, index.

Heinrich Harrer, Ladakh, Götter und Menschen hinterm Himalaya. Innsbruck: Pinguin, 1983. 172 pp, photographs, end paper maps, bibliography.

Andrew Harvey, A Journey in Ladakh. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. 236 pp., end paper maps, $13.95.

E. Joldan, Harvest Festival of Buddhist Dards of Ladakh and Other Essays. Srinagar: Kapoor Brothers, 1985. 104 pp., photographs, Rs. 30.

Detlef Kantowsky and Reinhard Sander, (editors), Recent Research on Ladakh: History, Culture, Sociology, Ecology. Munich, Cologne and London: Weltforum, 1983. 282 pp., photographs, diagrams, bibliography, DM 59.

Anneliese Keilhauer and Peter Keilhauer, Ladakh und Zanskar, Lamaistische Klosterkultur im Land zwischen Indien und Tibet. Cologne: DuMour, 1982. 414 pp., maps, diagrams, chronological chart, photographs, index, DM 36.

Sanyukta Koshal, Ladakhi Grammar. Delhi: Mortilal Banarsidass, 1979. 338 pp., index, Rs. 103.

Michel Peissel, Zanskar, the Hidden Kingdom. London: Collins, 1979. 205 pp., maps, photographs, index.

Janet Rizvi, Ladakh, Crossroads of High Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983. 224 pp., photographs, glossary, bibliography, end‐paper maps, Rs 140.

Margaret Schettler and Rolf Schettler, Kashmir, Ladakh and Zanskar: A Travel Survival Kit. South Yarra, Victoria, Australia/Berkeley, CA, USA, 1984.203 pp., maps, diagrams, photographs, index, $7.95.     

中国企业"走出去"战略:新加坡的实例

近年,中国企业在新加坡的投资迅速扩展,在新加坡上市的中资企业已颇具规模.中资企业在新加坡投资与经营为我国企业实施"走出去"战略提供了有益的经验,促进了企业经营管理机制的转换,提升了企业的国际竞争力.不过,中资企业在新加坡投资仍面临着一些亟待解决的问题.     

Population Politics in Vilnius 1944-1947: A Case Study of Socialist-Sponsored Ethnic Cleansing

A historian examines a specific case of ethnic cleansing in the immediate aftermath of World War II: the "repatriation" of Poles from the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1944 and 1947. Questions of how "repatriation" was carried out, the motivation on the Polish and Soviet sides, the differences in outcome of this policy in Vilnius and the countryside, and why "repatriation" presents a case of ethnic cleansing are considered on the basis on archival material as well as newspapers, memoirs, and historians' accounts of this case and in the context of the literature on genocide and ethnic cleansing.     

浅议多元化背景下的文化素质教育--以暨南大学为例

暨南大学学生来自世界各地,文化背景复杂.要在此基础上推行文化素质教育所面临的挑战比一般普通高校更大.本文通过深入调查与分析,结合侨校的发展特点,提出了一些浅显的看法.     

制度距离、文化差异与中美贸易摩擦中的权力因素——基于1980~2018年美国对外贸易争端数据的定量研究

中美贸易摩擦是体系压力和美国国内因素共同作用的结果。基于1980~2018年美国对外贸易争端数据的定量研究,文章采用面板负二项模型对中美两国间的制度距离、文化差异和相对实力差距的缩小等结构性变量,以及美国国内政治等单元层次的中介变量、贸易和投资等渠道变量,对中美贸易摩擦的影响进行了实证考察。研究认为,中美间军事、经济和科技实力差距的缩小即相对实力分布的变化会显著强化美国作为守成大国对中国作为崛起大国发起贸易摩擦的可能性;中美两国间的政治、经济制度距离和文化差异或价值观的不同也会显著影响中美两国间发生贸易摩擦的可能性,同时,与美国政治关系良好、在制度和文化上与其接近的国家并不必然意味着与美国贸易摩擦的减少;美国国内不同政治行为体、社会行为体的利益诉求、政策偏好,与贸易的交互效应一起,会进一步增加中美两国因实力差距的缩小、制度和文化(观念)差异等体系因素或结构性变量所引发的贸易摩擦发生的概率;经济因素依然是决定中美贸易摩擦的基础性因素,中美贸易失衡、中国对美直接投资的迅速增加以及中国对美国市场渗透率的提升、美国国内经济绩效的波动、美国国内收入不平等程度的加剧,与贸易的收入分配效应一起,也会显著提升两国间发生贸易摩擦的可能性。     

不应有的失误--一部中学历史教科书中关于美国的论述

近日偶然读到普通高中课程标准实验教科书《历史 :政治文明历程 (必修 1)》① 和《历史 :经济成长历程 (必修 2 )》② ,发现有关美国的论述部分存在错误和问题颇多 ,特在此指出 ,并与编写者商榷。一　关于美国宪法和国家制度《历史 (必修 1)》第 10课《北美大陆上的新体制》在谈到美国 1787年宪法时这样写道 :“宪法体现了如下原则 :中央集权原则 :一个统管所有地区、指挥全部军事力量的最高行政长官 ,即总统 ;一个全国性的议会 ,掌管着统一的联邦财政 ;一个权力在各州司法体系之上的联邦司法体系。分权制衡原则 :立法、行政、司法三权分立 …