论当代公共管理理论研究与改革实践的新进展

公共管理理论是行政学研究的新发展和新范式。当代公共管理理论研究与改革实践具有市场取向和公共取向，可分为新公共管理与新公共服务两种相互联系的理论思路与改革模式。     

从“效率”到“服务”——政府管理新理念

西方公共行政的价值取向经历了传统公共行政的效率至上、新公共行政的社会公平、新公共管理的市场与顾客导向到新公共服务理论的服务为本的嬗变。以“服务”为价值取向的新公共服务理论必将成为政府管理新概念。     

城乡养老保险制度衔接与并轨研究——从公共服务均等化的视角

公共服务均等化要求政府应为全体公民提供在不同阶段具有不同标准的、最终大致均等的公共物品和公共服务。目前,我国城乡养老保险制度在衔接与并轨的实践中普遍存在制度碎片化、顶层设计简单划一、保障政策有失公平、保障水平不高、政府财政负担沉重等诸多问题。为此,应秉持公共服务均等化理念,建立健全不同养老保险制度间、地区间的转移衔接机制;建立统筹而有区别的养老保险体系;整合社保机构职能,明确财政分担;增加财政投入,合理投资运营养老保险资金等措施,最终实现公平与效率兼顾的、新型的城乡一体化社会养老保险制度。     

略论当代西方国家行政领导模式的嬗变

新公共管理中“企业家政府”力主“掌舵”的行政领导模式，政府行政领导效能由此明显改观，并且推进了治理变革，但也造成参与价值的隐去、社会公平的缺失与治理易于失灵等问题。后新公共管理“整体政府”改革由此尝试“共享领导”的新型行政领导模式，并将其内涵界定为鼓励公众参与公共决策、增进公共服务均等化以及实施愿景型领导等几方面，从而相应弥补了企业家政府掌舵模式所存在的诸多缺陷。     

新公共管理视域下的基本公共服务均等化

基本公共服务均等化是当前的热点问题,也是全面建设小康社会、促进社会协调发展的重要制约因素。本文从新公共管理的视角分析基本公共服务均等化的内在意蕴,剖析当前基本公共服务均等化实现过程中的困点,并在此基础上,对我国基本公共服务均等化实现路径做一些探讨性的研究。     

论新一轮事业单位改革“社会化”取向

事业单位改革“社会化”取向,指公共服务提供,更多地依靠社会、更少地依靠政府“。社会化”仍然是新一轮事业单位改革取向,但新一轮事业单位改革“社会化”取向有其特殊的规定性,以政府正确履行其维护社会公平责任为前提。公共服务提供强化政府责任,指强化政府作为基本公共服务主导安排者的责任,体现公平优先的价值导向;强调创新公共服务提供方式,指基本公共服务中准公共服务生产,引入社会力量,打破行政垄断,以竞争倒逼事业单位改革,构建提供主体多元化、提供方式多样化的公共服务市场,以契约方式提供,体现兼顾效率的价值导向。重新认识政府在公共服务提供中的角色与重建公共服务管理体制,是新一轮事业单位改革“社会化”取向有效实现的策略。     

新公共管理：反思、批判与超越——兼评新公共服务理论

通过采用企业化政府的理念,新公共管理提高了效率,但也导致了公共性、公平、责任、价值诉求等公共管理价值的缺失.通过对新公共管理的反思和批判以及对新公共服务的理论基础、原则和内容的介绍,说明新公共服务在理论基础、价值选择、政府责任、公民精神方面不仅可以弥补和纠正新公共管理的偏颇,并可以替代新公共管理成为公共管理的发展趋势.     

善治:中国的思考——以社会资本理论作为研究范式

人类发展理念与全球化进程的整合产生了社会对“善治”的诉求,但是,社会资本与善治之间存在着结构性制约与依赖的关系。随着我国不断加速融入全球化进程,善治也终将成为我国公共管理的基本取向。目前,我国现代社会资本还相当缺失,制约了善治模式的普遍形成。必须发展公民社会的现代公民意识,增强公民的主体意识、权利意识和参与意识;必须发展公民社会的公共精神,提高公民社会的认同、信任、合作和互助水平;必须大力发展民间组织,形成现代社会资本的组织网络。社会资本的发展是推动我国“善治”型公共管理模式形成的必然选择。     

公共服务均等化:国际经验与借鉴

公共服务均等化对于解决我国目前尚存的公共服务城乡差距和区域差距能够起到重要的熨平和缩小作用,对于促进社会公正、提高财政资金使用效率具有重要的现实意义,逐步实现基本公共服务均等化已成为我国现阶段公共财政建设的重要内容。充分借鉴他国相关经验,能够加速我国实现公共     

国内外基本公共服务均等化绩效评估研究的逻辑起点与演进趋势——基于WOS、CNKI数据共现知识图谱的可视化分析

在我国大力推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化改革的关键时期,基本公共服务均等化绩效评估承担着实现国家治理能力现代化的历史使命。在这种背景下,基本公共服务均等化绩效评估逐渐成为我国公共管理研究的热点。然而,由于基本公共服务领域范围广阔,对象庞杂,各类研究往往均自说自话地从"起点"开始探索,这使得大量研究都在阐释"旧故事"。要解决这个问题,就需要厘清已有国内外研究所取得的成就,以便未来在现有基础上去探索"新故事"。通过CitesSace软件对CNKI、WOS数据库中2008—2018年间国内外基本公共服务均等化绩效评估研究文本的数据挖掘可以看出,国外基本公共服务均等化绩效评估探索从默认或者扩展基本问题与基础理论出发,实证测评了特定基本公共服务均等化供给效果,探索了非均等化形成的诱因,而国内研究从整体主义思维出发,致力于构建"大理论",却忽视了细节性探索。未来我国需要从以人民为中心、"总—分—总"式解构基本公共服务绩效评估、厘清不同层级政府的基本公共服务均等化责任等方面入手解决理论研究与政策实践问题。     

嬗变与重构:新中国成立以来公共服务模式转型分析

公共服务是国家与政府的基本职能,是政权合法性的基础。新中国成立以来,公共服务模式经历了从"集权熔合—公平至上"型模式向"解制分立—效率优先"型模式,并最终向"多元竞合—均等共享"型模式嬗变的历程。模式转型意味着其内在价值理念、制度设计以及技术选择的革新。回溯中国公共服务模式转型历程,有助于在中国语境下解析公共服务模式的转型,探寻其进一步创新的现实路径,包括政府、市场和社会之间关系边界的重塑、政府角色的合理定位以及政府与公民关系的重构。     

中国地方政府公共服务标准化探索与思考

在服务型政府建设过程中,标准化作为一种科学的工作方法逐步被地方政府采用。由于没有国家统一标准,各地政府基于本地实际情况开展公共服务标准化实践呈现出多种模式。公共服务标准化价值不言而喻,但由于标准化作为促进公共服务均等化的一种路径选择,其根本属性在于统一性,在有限政府的前提下,中国基本的公共服务标准化有必要建构指标体系,为实现基本公共服务均等化提供现实的指引。     

新公共服务对新公共管理的批判与超越：——中国服务型政府建设路向分析

服务型政府是对政府职能的重新审视和定位,其实质是贯彻＂以人为本＂理念的制度架构。不仅有新公共管理所关注的如何从组织技术和管理手段等操作层面上改进公共服务效率的问题,更涉及到政府与公民关系的宪政民主主义的重构,涉及到公共行政的理念转变与制度创新。以新公共服务为代表的民主治理理论突破了新公共管理＂管理主义＂思维的窠臼,指出了一条通过政府与社会、公民关系的民主化治理模式的重构,推进公共行政改革,为服务型政府建设指明了正确的改革方向。     

More than Writing on a Wall: Evaluating the Role that Codes of Ethics Play in Securing Accountability of Public Sector Decision‐Makers

This article argues that the essential factors of a public service code of ethics can be divided into five categories. These categories or principles are fairness, transparency, responsibility, efficiency and conflict of interest. These principles are identified in this article as being the basic elements of democratic accountability in relation to public sector decision‐making. The issues explored are not only the obstacles that the public service decision‐maker faces in internalising these principles but, also, the challenges for a pro‐active management in fostering such internalisation.     

论西方公共服务的市场化及对我国的启示——以美国电力行业的市场化为例

2:0世纪80年代以来,西方国家兴起了新公共管理改革的浪潮,公共服务市场化在这一背景下应运而生,先从总体上宏观地介绍了发达国家公共服务市场化的内涵、原因、类型等,而后具体的以美国电力行业的市场化为例,分析了美国电力行业市场化的情况。美国的成功经验不仅对我国电力行业改革具有借鉴意义,而且对我国各个领域的公共服务市场化都有重要的启示。     

‘Trainingism’ revisited in Papua New Guinea

Despite much training in public administration over the past 20 years there has been little improvement in public service management in the Third World. This was anticipated in Schaffer's critical notion of ‘trainingism’. This concept, when applied to Papua New Guinea, helps us to understand why training has been unable to produce dramatic changes in public service performance. Training has been used to perform latent functions and has not been evaluated. The situation is currently under review as new initiatives are taking place to improve training's contribution to public service efficiency and effectiveness.     

QUALITY COST IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE: IDENTIFYING, MEASURING AND REPORTING

Abstract: The identification, collection, and reporting of quality costs are necessary to achieve efficiency in the delivery of public service. This paper argues that quality costs are major elements in the total costs of delivering programs and services in the public service. To support this point, a seven-step system is described that could be used to develop a feasible modification of existing charts of account to incorporate quality cost elements. Incorporation of quality cost elements in the financial accounting system would enable the public service to use quality costs in the current wave of performance management of programs and services to bring about reliable and valid efficiency measures of deliveryfunctions.     

The Impact of Customer Orientation on Government Employee Performance

ABSTRACT

This article explores the impact of “customer service” orientation on government employee performance. Although public organizations have been encouraged to become customer-centered organizations, concerns exist about the application of such market orientations to the management of government organizations. This article joins in the customer orientation debate by exploring the impact of customer orientation on employee motivation and performance. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of data from civilian employees at a Department of Defense installation, this study explores the impact of customer orientation on employee performance and motivation, across time and work roles.

Consistent with previous research that suggests that customer orientation is positively associated with public and private employee performance and work attitudes, the results of this study suggest that customer service orientation has a strong positive impact on employee performance and motivation. Employee customer orientation provides a connection to the organization's goals consistent with employees' affective and normative values of public service, and feedback necessarily to improve service delivery. The impact of formal management systems may be enhanced by their ability to strengthen an employee's customer orientation. Ultimately, however, efforts to create a more “market”-based orientation focused on institutional customers who purchase services may have limited impact, or even a deleterious effect on, employee performance and motivation, unless also accompanied by formal linkages to service beneficiaries.     

A Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurial Approaches Within Public Healthcare Organisations

This article examines the development of two distinct models of organising allied health professionals within two public sector health service organisations in Australia. The first case illustrated a mode of organising that facilitated a culture that focused on asset protection and whose external orientation was threat oriented because its disparate multiple identities operated as a fractured, fragmented and competitive set of profession disciplines. In this milieu, there was no evidence of entrepreneurial approaches being used. In contrast, the second case study illustrated a mode of organising that facilitated an entrepreneurial culture that focused on asset growth and an external orientation that was opportunity oriented because of the evolution of a strong superordinate allied health identity that operated as a single united health services stakeholder. This evolution was coupled with the emergence of a corporate boardroom model of management that is consonant with Savage et al. (1997) IDS/N model of management. Once this structure and strategy were in place, corporate entrepreneur ship became the modus operandi. Consequently, because the case study was a situation where corporate entrepreneurship existed in the public sector, it was possible to compare the factors that stimulate corporate entrepreneurship in Sadler's (2000) study with factors that were observed in our study.