基本公共服务均等化取向下的政府行为变革

公共服务的短缺以及日益扩大的地区间基本公共服务差距成为我国经济发展与和谐社会建设的主要瓶颈因素。政府行为的优化是实现基本公共服务均等化的重要前提和保障。本文从政府行为的理念、功能、政策工具、财政体制、绩效评估五个维度,分析和探讨我国政府与基本公共服务相关的行为变革的进展和取向,为进一步优化政府行为,实现基本公共服务均等化提供新的视角和方略。     

“公共服务均等化”不只是政府的责任

公共服务均等化不等于平均主义,也不等于政府或公民及社会的自理主义。公共服务均等化不仅仅是政府的一份责任,也是公民或社会的一份义务。     

“基本公共服务均等化”立法恪守的四项原则

从法理层面来看,我国尚未出台专门的、全国普适的基本公共服务均等化法律法规,未能对均等化的范围、标准、执行过程等多项事宜进行调整和规范,这是导致当前地区间、城乡间以及群体间基本公共服务非均等化的重要原因之一。对基本公共服务均等化进行立法必然成为推进基本公共服务均等化的前提条件和法制保障。民主化与法制化相结合、渐进性与公正性相结合、集中化与分权化相结合、国际化与本土化相结合等,理应成为目前我国进行基本公共服务均等化立法应该恪守的四项重要原则。     

城乡基本公共服务均等化的测度与对策选择

公共服务均等化的实质是公平,主要体现为受益均等、主体广泛、优惠合理三大原则,人们通常用地区间财政均等化程度表示公共服务均等化程度。供给的不平衡性是当前我国基本公共服务存在的突出问题,因此,推进城乡基本公共服务均等化的关键在于统筹城乡发展,而要实现这一目标,必须依靠制度来保障。     

我国基本公共服务均等化研究综述

一、基本公共服务均等化的内涵、意义及理念(一)基本公共服务均等化的内涵对于均等化的涵义,安体富认为就字面理解包含均衡、相等的意思,而均衡有着调节、平衡的过程,最后达到相等。不过,这里的相等只能是大体相等,不可能绝对相等。而均等包括机会的均等和结果的均等,相比之下,结果的均     

我国基本公共服务均等化探析

实现我国基本公共服务均等化的目标是,最大限度地满足人民群众日益增长的基本公共服务的需求。基本公共服务均等化包含两方面的内容:享受基本公共服务的机会均等和享受基本公共服务的结果均等。我国基本公共服务均等化方面存在的问题是:基本公共服务供给不足和基本公共服务结构性差距悬殊。促进我国基本公共服务均等化的途径在于:加强政府间财政体制改革;培养地方政府提供基本公共服务的稳定财源;实现预算管理科学化和改革与完善基本公共服务领域的投资体制。     

基本公共服务均等化研究综述

随着经济的发展和社会的进步,人民生活水平得到了极大的提高,我国民众对基本公共服务的诉求越来越强烈。但由于体制、历史等原因,我国经济、社会发展不均衡日益严重,并且成为制约城乡统筹发展以及建设服务型政府的重要因素。基于此,近些年来,基本公共服务均等化问题研究已成为学术界研究的热点问题。对国内学者相关研究进行了综述,主要包括:基本公共服务均等化的内涵、内容的界定、分析我国城乡基本公共服务均等化存在的现状和问题、以及解决问题的对策建议和路径选择。     

公共服务均等化中政府的“双重困境”及其修正

我国政府在公共服务供给领域往往面临着双重困境:一是资源不足与信息不对称导致的"做不了"困境;二是民众理性无知产生的"不便做"的效率与公平困局。面对这种形式的政府失灵,资源依赖理论提供了超越单一行政组织分析的高阶组织集视角,指出政府之外作为环境的社会组织对其的支持作用,同时更强调政府与社会组织之间互动的一种依赖关系,而通过优化社会情景、培育社会的自组织能力、规范权力的分配结构等三个方面强化这种依赖关系,是消解我国政府在公共服务供给领域两重困境的可行路径。     

新公共管理视域下的基本公共服务均等化

基本公共服务均等化是当前的热点问题,也是全面建设小康社会、促进社会协调发展的重要制约因素。本文从新公共管理的视角分析基本公共服务均等化的内在意蕴,剖析当前基本公共服务均等化实现过程中的困点,并在此基础上,对我国基本公共服务均等化实现路径做一些探讨性的研究。     

论城乡基本公共服务均等化

随着经济的发展,城乡之间的差距日益凸显。为了今后更好的发展,政府必须推动基本公共服务均等化,打破城乡二元结构。这一举措,在理论和现实上都具有重要的意义,是推动服务型政府建设,促进社会和谐的必要条件。以现有的资源条件,政府需要在制度建设、财政改革、与社会组织合作方面不断完善,才能最大化地实现这一目标。     

Contracting out local public services in Slovakia

In our paper, we focus on how local self-governments perform in the delivery of local public services to citizen. The paper is based on concrete data, collected from 200l to 2008 by our research team, including following services--waste collection and disposal, street maintenance, public green, public lighting, cemeteries. Local self-governments are responsible for a large number of public services and their share in total public expenditures is almost 7%. However, our concrete data for evaluated services clearly show that large decentralization did not deliver immediate results and much remains to be done to improve the processes of local service delivery. The problems are not so much connected with existing legislation, but the core issue is the quality and effectiveness of functioning of all involved institutions. Outsourcing decisions are not well ex-ante reviewed, neither ex-post comprehensively evaluated for their outcomes and results. In many cases, competitive tendering is not used to get the best bid. The main purposes for such situation are lack of accountability and compliance control, the most important corrective measures are proposed in the last part of the paper.     

关于加强档案馆公共服务能力的思考

档案馆是集中保管党和国家重要档案的基地,是社会各方面利用档案信息资源的中心。在当今信息化时代,加强公共服务能力建设,提高公共服务能力,为全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会服务,这不仅是各级档案馆自身发展的内在需要,也是新时期经济社会发展的客观要求。本文首先分析了档案馆公共服务存在的问题,以此对症下药,提出了加强档案馆公共服务能力建设的六条建议,希望以此引起大家的注意和重视。     

Interpreting the dynamics of public housing: Cultural and rational choice explanations

Abstract

This article uses culture of poverty and rational choice theories of poverty to explain how quickly nonelderly household heads leave public housing. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics serve as the basis for the analysis.

Although a significant proportion of all household heads have public housing spells lasting five or more years, the majority have spells lasting less than five years. The availability of other housing options has a strong impact on how quickly individuals move out of public housing. Family structure and human capital play a more modest role. To the extent that one's childhood experiences affect the likelihood of exiting public housing, they appear to do so mostly through their effect on the acquisition of human capital. Finally, the evidence presented is inconsistent with the notion that public housing is a trap from which it is more difficult to escape the longer one lives in it.     

Terrorism: The relevance of the rational choice model

Terrorism in general, and suicidal terrorism in particular, is popularly seen as “irrational,” but many economists and political scientists argue otherwise. This paper distinguishes three different senses of irrationality: unresponsiveness to incentives, deviation from narrow self-interest, and failure of rational expectations. It concludes that an intermediate position on the rationality of terrorism is appropriate. The typical terrorist sympathizer deviates only slightly from homo economicus. But active terrorists arguably stray from narrow self-interest and rational expectations, and suicidal terrorists probably violate both. Deterrence remains a viable anti-terrorism strategy, but deviations from rational expectations increase the potential of persuasion and appeasement.     

Extending the rational choice model from the economy to society

That the extension of the rational choice model beyond the economy to all society can finally lead to integration of social theory is often claimed by the model’s advocates. The underlying assumption is that this model is valid for both the economy and society, in the form of an economic approach to, or a utilitarian paradigm of, all social behaviour. The meta-theoretical presupposition or injunction that agents are (should be) profit-seekers or utility-optimizers is therewith given the mission to integrate and ‘save’ contemporary social science. However, such extensions of the rational choice model from the economy to society neglect the fact that this presupposition has been partly mitigated and compromised within economics itself. If so, then suspicion is strong that the rational choice model would be even less appropriate for the other social sciences and thus fall short of achieving its self-designated role of integration of social theory. The conclusion of an interdisciplinary analysis drawing both from economics and sociology is that rational choice is far from being an integrative model of the economy and society.     

Analysis on the major obstacles of public participation in public policy-making

Participation in public policy-making is one of the important approaches for citizens to affect public policy, and also the guarantee of the scientific and democratic paths of the public policy. To enhance the cognitive level and ability of the citizen who participate in public policy-making, ensure the institutionalization and procedures of the public policy-making, make the information about the public policy-making open and transparent, this paper points out the main obstacles of citizens＇ participation in public policy-making mostly at present and enhance the quality of public policy.     

On the implementation of standardizing public power

Public power, which comes from the will of its people, is a major component of national sovereignty and is enjoyed by the government in accordance with the law. However, various kinds of phenomena have emerged, such as the dislocation of administrative discretion, deficiency in administrative procedures and supervision. Therefore, it is very urgent and necessary for us to have a research on it from the aspect of theory and practice. This article focuses on the correctly exercising discretionary power and standardizing administrative procedures, improving administrative supervision and sound system of administrative procedure.