The mediating effect of good governance on the relationship between managerial roles and personal development： A structural equation modeling （SEM） approach

One of the challenges faced by public sector managers particularly is the problem of identifying and determining their roles, their personal development and how to effectively implement the concept of good governance in their organizations. Given a dynamic changing and continuing insight into public organizational effectiveness, public sector managers are rethinking how best they could accomplish their roles in order to attain their organization roles and objectives. This study examines the mediating roles of good governance in the relationship between managerial roles, development roles, strategic roles and personal development. In determining this relationship, a hypothetical model of the relationship among roles of public sector managers, good governance and personal development is developed. The results suggest that the managerial roles has more positive and significant influence on personal development than the development roles and strategic roles. Empirical study supports the institutional theory （Scott, 2001） in the hypothesized model. The empirical findings confirm that good governance has a significant and positive impact on the relationship between managerial roles and development roles to the personal development of public sector managers. This proves that the management system theory （Katz ＆ Kahn, 1966） is supported whereby public sector manager roles served as an input, while good governance as a process and personal development as an output. Based on empirical findings, it is suggested that personal development should be referred as an ideal social behavior of public sector managers. Overall, the study supports the hypotheses that good governance plays a mediating role in the relationship between public sector manager roles and personal development. This is consistent with governance theory （Lynn, 2001）. One particular contribution of this study is the development of structural equation model to determine the relationships between managerial roles, good governance and the personal dev     

Ambiguities of social transformation： A critical framework for the concept

All the conceptualizations regarding to societies inevitably have been determined, or at least motivated by ideological processes, through the apparatus professionalized on the ideological reproduction of the social structure （Althusser）. The core question of this paper is scrutinizing the particular ideological contexts under which the ＂social transformation＂ concept has grown. The critical conceptual archeology on social transformation will seaway to a discussion of two other related concepts： development and globalization. It is still ambiguous whether social transformation discussions will take the ex-position of the developmental approach, or instead be a critical alternative to the neo-liberal ideas in social sciences of the 21 st century. If the concept is taken literally, we can possibly never see a society which does not experience a ＂transformation＂ in ＂social＂ terms at all. Societies have always been transformed through social processes. However, as an independent concept it appeared in a particular contextual basis. This same multi-dimensional context was the driving force behind UNESCO＇s organization of the MOST （Management of Social Transformations） Program. This paper can be considered a theoretical framework focusing on social transformation as defined through the examination of its principal ideologies and the study of the concept＇s reproduction through international institutions.     

Social exclusion and employment among UK and Germany

The European Commission linked with the inadequate realization of social rights, aspiring to examine the ＂social rights of citizenship to a basic standard of living and to participation in major social and economic opportunities in society＂. Employment is a top priority for the European Union aiming to achieve an employment rate of 70% by the year 2010, and in so doing to make a decisive impact on the eradication of poverty and social exclusion. This essay will attempt to compare how Germany and United Kingdom address these issues, the different welfare regimes and how the social care response is handled in each country.     

Negotiated agreements in the Dutch context and its inspirations for Chinese environmental management

Covenants have become a widely used policy instrument in European countries. Covenants are negotiated agreements between government and industry in which industry obliges to take ＇voluntary＇ action to help realizing policy objectives. This paper describes and analyses the evolution and development of the use of such covenant model in European environmental policy practice. After an extensive evaluation of the effect of the covenants in the European context, the paper conducts a comparable study of the Chinese environmental policy context with that in European countries, expose that Chinese environmental policy and environmental practice is still in the first stage of Europe environmental policy and practice evolution. As a conclusion, the paper explores the possible application of covenants as a ＂third strategy＂ in Chinese environmental policy.     

The transfer of governance from the nation state to a corporate global economy

The purpose of this document is to analyze the emerging phenomenon of the transfer from state governance to global economic corporate governance. After determining the economic globalization processes driven by a corporate global economy, which affects the formation of globalized business-intergovernmental networks, we discuss their outcome and impact. Finally we outline the main challenges facing governance driven by a corporate global economy.     

The design of the stockholder＇s rights drive model based on combination reward contract

This paper, from the perspective of economics and management, and mainly from the perspective of economics, conducts an exploratory research on the managerial incentive and constraining mechanisms in listed companies. This paper analyzes the population conditions of investment, financing, annual salary and stock option of the listed company in China. The paper designs the combination salary model which combines the annual salary and stock option. The listed companies of China have prodigious disfigurement in finance incentive mechanism, which is incentive deficient and constrain weak. The purpose of this paper is to design the stockholder＇s rights drive model based on combination reward contract. The results show that the listed companies in China prefer comparatively to the stock right financing and the listed companies＇ operators are not reason in investment. So it is designed the combination salary model which combines the annual salary and stock option. And it would be enlarging the liabilities financing to governing it. The paper puts forward essential factors which constitute the financial evaluation system and the measures which perfect and optimize the obvious incentive and hidden incentive, helping the listed companies to explore specific models in compensation design.     

Cooperation-benefit and social mobilization： The basement of harmonious society

As a goal pursued by human beings, a harmonious society can be constructed through a bottom to up social construction mechanism and top to bottom social mobilization mechanism. A healthy social construction mechanism can promote social wealth and allocate it impartially by jointing production of member of society and cooperation-benefit. At the same time, a good social mobilization mechanism, on the other way, makes the members of society reach a harmonious consensus by social mobilization and social civilization. In order to create these two types of mechanisms, public administrators need to develop mechanisms to promote cooperation and develop cooperation productivity. These mechanisms include social trust mechanism, information sharing mechanism, supervision and restraining mechanism and the mechanism for the distribution of interests.     

A game-theoretic model of the participants in the rural migrant workers＇ work-related injury insurance system

According to the game theory, the efficiency of a policy depends on the coherence between the Nash equilibrium and policy maker＇s ideal focal point. A game-theoretic model is used to study the relationships among rural migrant workers, enterprises and governments under the policy that rural migrant workers were requested included in urban social insurance system. As each participant seeks to maximize his utility, the problem can best be analyzed as an n-person cooperative game. This paper tries to relocate the roles of governments, and put forward some policy suggestion on promoting rural migrant workers＇ work-related injury insurances system with effective incentive and restrictive mechanisms.     

Regional aid to global disaster： Review EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism

In the era of globalization, capital, labour and even market can come in and out freely and internationally. So is a disaster. Of course, a disaster did happen in one place, but its impact carries both in domestic and abroad. For avoiding abroad disaster, European Community decides to create a mechanism to manage this issue and preserve EU interest. According to Council Regulation No. 381/2001, the Rapid Reaction Mechanism needs triggering in order to stabilize society when crisis or disaster occurs in the beneficiary countries. Precisely speaking, this mechanism differs from other crisis management means, which merely focused on rehabilitation after disaster happened or prevented crisis before. Instead, Rapid Reaction Mechanism not only involves in crisis management, but also stops carrying on damage to human beings. In fact, EU creates this mechanism in order to prevent ongoing small or medium crisis to escalate into uncontrolled catastrophe, armed conflict or war. In addition, this mechanism observes the situation, and decides to employ what instrument to constrain crisis and what partner to cooperate in crisis management. It can be denied that EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism carries out great effort during restoration of broken society or country. Nevertheless, it is obvious to rethink EU Reaction Mechanism in next generation. Obviously, both aid includes money and labour, and EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism cost highly. This research argues that EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism is not only subject to be a giver, but also to be a receiver in the future. Moreover, this mechanism needs adapting itself to receive aid from the third countries or international organizations. In addition, this mechanism can take global aid to deal with European regions＇ problems. This research argues to touch up EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism in order to release financial burden from EU member states. Moreover, EU member states can learn lesson from the third countries or international organizations during crisis management. Therefore, this rese     

Strategies and path arrangement for public budget management reform of China

Through analyzing the development of public budget management of developed country, the reform strategies to probe budget management of China should be on the basis of Chinese situations. The reform process should be carried out gradually.     

The logic of China country ＂tax-for-fee reform＂ in politics and governance perspective

This article exercises theoretical analysis tax-for-fee reform in politics and governance perspective method and attempts to understand the logic of country in China. The article considers that it presents two kinds of very differences phenomena in politics and governance angle of view on China country ＂tax-for-fee reform＂. The reform has basically improved state-peasant tension relationship and enhanced political validity in political angle of view. But absenting on method and shrinking on resources of governance, town-village organization reduced supplies on public service and public goods, new governance crisis formed. If politics and governance deviate for a long time, political validity has the possibility to glide away because of new governance crisis.     

The performance appraisals system types and their applicability： Case and application

This study was conducted to construct a theoretical model of the performance appraisal system that including four types according to two dimensions： the programmed degree of task and the formalized degree of the performance appraisal system. The conclusion drawn by this paper was that, the Chinese enterprise should adhere to the principles of which compounding individual goal with the organization, and balancing the organization＇s adaptability and the stability, to design the performance appraisal system and then promote enterprise performance management innovation and construction of harmonious labor relationshios.     

English literacy： Consuming the Kapampangan oral antecedent

This paper discusses the effects of American colonial rule on the cultural life of the Kapampangans and inhabitants of the province of Pampanga. The colonial masters, who seemed to deliberately marginalize the local language of the community and succeeded in eventually arresting its natural development. The American policy to ＂educate＂ the Filipinos resulted in the waning of the Kapampangan language and literature. A brief overview of Kapampangan literary history will be given to emphasize the folk tradition, the oral nature of Kapampangan verbal art as well as the worldview and ethos of the people embedded in their literature. To be mentioned are two Kapampangan writers, Crisostomo Soto and Jose Gallardo, who represented the periods during and after the American regime respectively. Each responded to his time and scene; both struggled against the most powerful colonial machine which was the English language. They were aware that this medium and its message were one, and that their own language would, sooner or later, be a lost medium and a lost message. The shift from orality to literacy, as a consequence of western education, will also be discussed. In particular, the reaction of Kapampangan verbal artists to the reductive pressure exerted by literacy upon their literature will be focused.     

Empirical study on the influence of organizational learning and capability on technological mnovanon

Based upon the generalization of those theories in organizational learning, organizational capability and technological innovation, the essay discusses the influence of organizational learning and capability in technological innovation, and presents its relevant hypotheses. On analyzing the effective sample data from 682 enterprises of different industries across 10 provinces and cities in China, the empirical results reveal that external learning is in favor of enterprises to cultivate dynamic capability but to disfavor in improving the existing operational capability, internal learning benefits enterprises to improve the existing operational capability but to disbenefit in cultivating dynamic capability, dynamic capability has a positive impact on operational capability, dynamic capability has significantly positive correlation with product innovation and process innovation, while operational capability has only evidently positive correlation with product innovation.     

Post-conviction DNA exonerations

The role of DNA profiling is constantly increasing in various fields and criminal justice is not an exception. Several individuals, who are wrongfully convicted, have been exonerated based on DNA evidence. Research in the U.S. has consistently found the major factors contributing to wrongful convictions to be： （1） eyewitness errors; （2） mishandling of evidence by police and prosecutors; （3） false or coerced confessions; （4） improper interrogations and line-ups; （5）jailhouse informants or ＂snitches＂; （6） ineffective assistance of counsel; （7） forensic errors; and （8） the adversarial system. This paper examines the data made available by the Innocent Project for 233 post-conviction DNA exonerations in the U.S. since 1989.     

Antecedents and consequences of interpersonal trust： An empirical study

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of empowerment, participation and feedback as antecedents of interpersonal trust and organizational commitment and productivity as consequences of interpersonal trust. This study also attempts to find the influence of empowerment, participation and feedback on positive organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment and productivity. A quantitative research design was employed. Data were collected through survey instrument from 186 participants comprising professional, administrative and support staff working in one municipality of Istanbul （Turkey） government. The research results indicate that interpersonal trust is vital to positive organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment and productivity and to enhance the interpersonal trust and positive organizational outcomes, which are characterized by empowerment, participation and feedback are very important.     

Is it really performance that is measured？ A reflection of the South African Government＇s performance management system

The institutionalisation of performance management in the South African public service is a post-1994 intervention necessitated by the need to counteract the legacy of poor performance in public service institutions. Performance management as an integrated system is not a standalone intervention, but has direct links with other organisational processes. At both the micro- and macro-levels, PMS （performance management system） recognises institutional performance relationships between individuals＇, teams＇ and departments＇ performance contributions for attaining government performance targets. These institutional performance relationships in the South African public service have attracted excessive attention, whilst their performance impact in communities has been overlooked. In addition, the interdependence between the dichotomies of PMS： institutional performance relationships and performance impact have also been overlooked. In the South African context, this condition creates a disparity in terms of which government employees are rewarded for outstanding performance, whilst targeted beneficiaries express dissatisfaction, often with violent protests, over government＇s performance in the delivery of basic services. The protestors cite poor service delivery in prioritised key performance areas of the South African Government. The granting of performance rewards to government employees is an expression of performance excellence, which should translate into quality service delivery. Such delivery should not only meet the levels of service delivery expectations of targeted communities, but should also result in their total satisfaction. The article is founded on the basis that any disparity between targeted beneficiaries＇ service expectations and level of satisfaction can be linked directly to government progress in PMS implementation.     

Simplification： A single tax and a single entitlement

The United States is experiencing a very serious economic downturn. It is now necessary to consider some significant changes in government policy. The system of revenue collection should be simplified with a single tax levied and itemized at the national, state, and local levels. Likewise, the system of benefit distribution should be simplified with a single entitlement paid to each individual at every level with absolutely no strings attached. Such simplification would save a massive amount of time and money even if it was neutral in terms of overall revenue and expenditure. And, it would minimize fraud, waste and abuse. The gains in efficiency and accountability would be enormous.