沉默权与严禁刑讯逼供

沉默权是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人对侦查、检察、审判人员的提问享有沉默不语的权利。刑讯逼供 ,是追诉者为了从被追诉者那里获知案情而采用拷讯等非法手段迫使被追诉者回答问题的行为。二者尖锐对立。欲使被追诉者真正享有沉默权 ,就必须严禁刑讯逼供。该文对二者的关系及其相关问题 ,从理论与实践的结合上进行了研究和阐述     

Credible Commitment in Non-Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Comparative Analysis of the European Agencies for Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs

Abstract: The creation of more and more supranational regulatory agencies has been one of the most significant institutional developments in the European Union during the last decade. Usually, these agencies evolve from EU committees and take over most of their structures. Accordingly, like most EU committees and the Commission, regulatory agencies are not independent, but act under the control of the member states. The question is, how far do they indicate a credible commitment of the Member States to long-term policy goals like health and consumer protection. This article compares the institutional structures and decision-making rules of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and of the newly established European Food Safety Authority, in order to clarify the extent of credible commitment that the Member States show through the setting-up of these agencies. It concludes that the commitment of the Member States in the foodstuff sector is not as deep as in the pharmaceutical sector, and that the creation of the European Food Safety Authority will not lead to a success story similar to that of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.     

禁止就业歧视的"人本"之维

禁止就业歧视的"人本"价值在于:实现人的生存权和发展权,维护人格尊严、实现正义,维护人类共同利益、实现社会和谐。我国禁止就业歧视的法律较好地体现了"人本"精神,但也有一些不足,应当加以完善。     

Decision rules,membership and political centralization in the European Union

The decision to enter the European Union is based on a comparison of the costs of staying out and going it alone, and the costs membership. The latter depend on the degree of preference heterogeneity between prospective members and the Union as well as the decision rules employed for “constitutional” decisions. The same calculus guides the decision, by member states, to shift policies up to the Union level, only now the decision rules refer to centrally assigned policies. Preference heterogeneity makes more inclusive rules optimal in either case while at the same time reducing the attractiveness of membership or the centralization of policies to the EU level, respectively. The analysis complements and extends both traditional fiscal federalism literature as well as the more recent political economics literature on federalism.

浅析劳动合同中的竞业禁止条款

在当今知识经济时代,拥有特殊知识、技能的雇员与拥有物质资本的雇主已成为企业运营的核心,缺一不可,雇主为保护其具有现在与未来潜在利益的商业秘密被泄漏或离职雇员的恶意竞争,要求与雇员签订竞业禁止条款的做法无可厚非,由于竞业禁止条款的签订会影响雇员的自主择业权,因此必须仔细斟酌其内容。为了保障竞业禁止条款的实现,应该双管齐下,通过积极提升雇员自我实现的理想与消极实行违约赔偿机制来达到雇主与雇员双赢的目的。     

刑法职业禁止令的性质及司法适用探析

《刑法修正案(九)》所增设的刑法职业禁止令属于保安处分措施.其适用于利用职业便利或者违背职业特定义务要求而实施犯罪被判处刑罚,且在刑罚执行完毕或者被假释之后短期内仍有可能实施危害社会行为的人.职业便利不仅包括职务便利,也包括与职务行为没有关系的便利;刑罚包括拘役、有期徒刑、罚金;假释之日指假释裁定送达之日;人包括自然人和单位.在刑罚执行完毕或者被假释之时,应由人民法院根据行为人的具体情况,确定是否执行刑法职业禁止令及执行的期限和地点.违反刑法职业禁止令的,根据不同情况给予行政处罚或者刑事处罚.     

论我国刑事诉讼中的证据使用禁止——以证据取得禁止和证据使用禁止之间的关系为中心

通过比较研究发现,就证据取得禁止与证据使用禁止之间的关系而言,我国虽采取的是规范保护目的理论的立场,但和德国学说和实务见解相比,具有明显的中国特色,即只有那些旨在担保所获证据真实性和可靠性的重要取证规定被违反时,我国相关法律才会科以明确的证据使用禁止后果。此外,我国证据使用禁止呈现立法上的积极主动、司法上的消极保守、阶段上的层层把关、论证上的简单恣意四个特点,这些特点皆与德国相关法律规定相背离,这一现象从另一侧面反映出,尽管我国与德国同属大陆法系,共享职权主义传统,但在刑事诉讼制度方面却存在着较大的差异。     

禁止重复起诉之本土路径

禁止重复起诉在我国司法实践中一直存在,但理论化和系统性的提炼不足。2015年《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的解释》第247、248条之规定为禁止重复起诉制度在我国的体系性构建提供了契机。"禁止重复起诉"的称谓选择既表明了其与相邻概念的逻辑关系,也实现了其在诉讼系属中与判决确定后两阶段的内涵整合。禁止重复起诉制度不宜纠缠于矛盾裁决的防范,更非实现纠纷一次性解决的最佳路径,而应定位于加强程序安定性的本土价值考量。重复起诉行为的识别,可因地制宜地选取"二要件说"识别标准,诉讼标的这一要素仍应回归旧实体法说。具体操作中,更须着眼于立体化程序设置目标,对相关规则进行修正和完善,并明确重复起诉行为的审查路径和规制措施。     

专利侵权诉讼中的停止侵权与禁止双重赔偿原则

针对专利权中的制造权、许诺销售权、销售权、使用权与进口权等不同权项的侵权指控,是否均要适用停止侵权的民事责任,应区分不同的情况作不同的处理。即使侵权指控成立且可以适用停止侵权民事责任,在侵权行为涉及社会公共利益时,亦可不适用停止侵权的民事责任。专利权人就特定专利侵权事项从特定侵权人处获得了全部损害赔偿后,就不能够再要求从其他侵权人处获得多余的损害赔偿。     

保证公证禁止代理之分析检讨

2006年7月1日实施的《公证程序规则》第十一条规定：当事人可以委托他人代理办理公证。但申办遗嘱、遗赠抚养协议、赠与、认领亲子、收养关系、解除收养关系、生存状况、委托、声明、保证及其他与自然人人身有密切关系的公证事项，应当由其本人亲自申办。     

劳动者违约金约定禁止之研究

《劳动合同法》采取了劳动合同中劳动者违约金约定的一般禁止特殊例外的立法技术,在保障劳动者自由权的前提下,依据经济发展需求,适当保护用人单位财产权,以予平衡。本文通过对这种立法选择的法理研究,论证立法的合理性,并通过分析竞业限制和服务期中劳动者违约金承担的立法不足,提出应该合理限制服务期期限,以及实现离职后接受竞业限制约定的劳动者所得经济补偿金数额和违约金数额之间的平衡。     

The Contours and Limits of Environmental Remediation Under the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Netherlands International Law Review - The entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in January 2021 has sparked analysis of the so-called ‘positive...     

合理无歧视许可要求的客观衡量标准探析——从解读欧盟委员会对微软的裁决出发

合理无歧视的许可要求由于缺乏客观的衡量标准,致使标准实施人的正当利益无法得到根本的保护,可能损害市场对相关标准实施的信心。欧盟委员会在针对微软滥用市场支配地位所作出的2004年的裁决、以及2005年末就微软履行2004年委员会裁决作出的报告中,就事实标准中知识产权许可需要符合的“合理无歧视许可”要求这一问题进行了分析,对这些规则进行法律解读,可以为确定合理无歧视许可的具体内容提供参考。     

网络刑事禁止令制裁措施的创制

传统刑事禁止令遭遇网络环境后出现失灵现象,无法在网络空间社会施展预防机能。考虑到维护网络空间安全价值的优位性、网络安全法益的整体迁移态势、网络技术风险的积极制衡理念、舒缓传统刑罚处罚措施的衔接不畅之弊、激活网络空间禁网令的积极预防功能,建构网络刑事禁止令刻不容缓。网络禁止令的理论基础是积极预防理念;适用对象包括自然人和法人,适用罪名应无禁区,假释考验期亦可适用;应围绕网络空间技术风险及其防控的指标系数设计具体的禁止令类型;网络禁止令应当作为未来网络刑事制裁体系的独立部分。     

禁止儿童乞讨的法经济学分析

分析和解决社会问题有多种进路。法经济学仰仗其强大的解释力和不断自我升级的活力,为分析社会问题提供了一种新颖实用的视角。我们可以运用法经济学的分析范式研究禁止儿童乞讨的问题。儿童乞讨问题受到社会各界广泛关注。有人建议立法干预,甚至全面禁止儿童乞讨。通过法经济学的视角可以剖析儿童乞讨问题的社会根源,并就制度设计过程中需要界清的有关概念以及各种社会成本与收益进行分析,进而按照法经济学的评价体系对各种主张进行考察,从技术层面与国际比较的层面上对禁止儿童乞讨作出制度设计或改进方面的具体分析与建议。     

To have a voice in the matter: A comparative study of the Swedish and Danish European committees

This article deals with the issue of how the national parliaments might be strengthened in order to decrease the democratic deficit within the EU. It examines the parliamentary European committees in the Danish and Swedish Parliaments and concludes that their potential to influence and control their respective governments’ EU policies mainly depends on the Government's parliamentary base and opportunities for legislative influence open to parliamentary oppositions. Moreover, it examines various organisational aspects of the European committees, including distribution of tasks and internal co‐ordination within the Parliament, at what stage in the decision‐making process the European Committee and the Parliament are involved and information management. With some conspicuous exceptions, Denmark and Sweden have chosen the same organisational arrangements for dealing with EU affairs both in the Parliament as a whole and, specifically, in the European committees. The principal conclusion is that the European committees in Sweden and Denmark are effective means for giving the national parliaments a voice in EU matters, but the article also addresses some reforms to strengthen their positions.     

The Controversies Over the Customary Prohibition on the Use of Force: A Methodological Debate

Controversies about the rule prohibiting the use of force havemainly focused on issues such as the conditions for self-defenceor the existence of a right to humanitarian intervention. Beyondthe question of the validity or relevance of each substantialargument, a comprehensive analysis of the doctrine reveals thatthe debate is actually more about methodology than substance.Hence, those who stand for an enlarged conception of the rightto self-defence or who support a right of humanitarian interventiontend to adopt a particularly loose method in defining the contentof the customary rule.     

禁止流质约款之合理性反思

流质约款是指民商主体当事人之间在有关物的担保合同中约定的,于债务人到期未能清偿债务时即由担保权人取得所约定的担保物的所有权的条款。流质约款为国内外多数担保立法明确禁止,亦为我国民商法学界所否定。但是反观民商法理论上有关禁止流质约款的理由,却存在着诸多让人难以信服和与现实生活的悖谬之处,其立法规定也缺乏有力根据。我国的物权立法对流质约款应当予以认可。