Ethical criteria for procuring and distributing organs for transplantation

This article provides an ethical analysis and assessment of various actual and proposed policies of organ procurement and distribution in light of moral principles already embedded in U.S. institutions, laws, policies, and practices. Evaluating different methods of acquisition of human body parts--donation (express and presumed), sales, abandonment, and expropriation--the author argues for laws and policies, including required request, to maintain and facilitate express donation of organs by individuals and their families. Such laws and policies need adequate time for a determination of their effectiveness before society moves to other major alternatives, such as a market. In organ allocation and distribution, which have close moral connections with organ procurement, the author defends the judgment of the federal Task Force on Organ Transplantation that the community should have dispositional authority over donated organs, that professionals should be viewed as trustees and stewards of donated organs, and that the public should be heavily involved in the formation of policies of allocation and distribution. Concentrating on policies being developed in the United Network for Organ Sharing, the author examines the point system for cadaveric kidneys, the access of foreign nationals to organs donated in the U.S., and the multiple listings of patients seeking transplants. He concludes by identifying two major problems of equitable access to donated organs that will have to be addressed by social institutions other than UNOS: access to the waiting list for donated organs and the role of ability to pay in extrarenal transplants.     

提单权利善意取得构成要件的法律分析

立足于提单权利善意取得的特殊性,结合普通动产及票据权利善意取得的既有理论,对提单权利善意取得的存在依据、构成要件等基本问题展开分析。     

Canada: national summit on "Global health is a human right"!

Held in Ottawa on 21-22 May 2003, a national summit on "Global Health is a Human Right!" brought together 86 people representing over 60 Canadian civil society groups interested in joint advocacy on realizing the human right to health in developing countries. The summit focused particularly on addressing the global crises of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.     

Correction to: Right method,right price: the economic value and associated risks of experimentation

Journal of Experimental Criminology - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The DOI given for the reference Bennett et al. 2008 is incorrect.     

The economics and ethics of markets for human organs

In 1984, federal legislation outlawing payment for human organs for transplantation was adopted after only cursory discussion of the underlying policy issues. More considered analysis suggests that this prohibition may be overly broad. It appears possible to design suitably regulated market-type approaches to the acquisition and allocation of cadaveric organs (and perhaps of organs from living donors as well) that will be neither unduly offensive to ethical sensibilities nor easily abused and that may yield significant improvements over the existing system of organ procurement, which presents important ethical and practical problems of its own. Moreover, whatever ultimate judgment we reach concerning the merits of markets for transplantable organs, analysis of the sources of the initial moral resistance to the commercialization that lies behind measures such as the 1984 legislation offers insights into the respective roles of market and nonmarket institutions in general.     

Dynamics of stab wounds: force required for penetration of various cadaveric human tissues

It is often said that once the skin has been penetrated no further force is required to produce penetration of underlying tissues. This experimental study has used technology which was not available to earlier investigators to examine this issue in detail. The results confirm the importance of skin penetration but indicate that the penetration of other tissues may also require significant force.     

专利存在无效理由时被告的抗辩

1、前言专利侵权诉讼中,被告如果发现专利存在无效理由,可以在侵权诉讼中采取什么样的侵权抗辩?在日本,一直以来,即使是在专利存在无效理由的情况下,实务中仍然是采用如下的权限分配原则1:“既然专利已经被授权,除非有确定的宣告授权无效的决定,否则效力不会当然丧失。通常法院是不能对专利是否适当、是否具有效力进行判断的。被诉专利侵权的被告也必须通过无效宣告决定来使专利无效。”2为此,在日本的专利侵权诉讼中,专利存在无效理由时,被告往往会采用公知技术抗辩说(自由技术的抗辩说)、限定解释说、技术范围不确定说、当然无效说、权利…     

A comparative evaluation of methods for the isolation of khlozepid from human cadaveric liver

Comparative evaluation of two isolation methods in fatal chlozepid poisoning was performed using expert material. Isolation by neutral acetone from visceral tissues showed that chlozepid and its metabolites are extracted in amounts 6-13 times greater (in terms of chlozepid) than using A. A. Vasil'eva's method. Quantitative determination was performed by photometry according to the reaction of azo dye formation after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of the extracts.     

论对我国行放机关实施行政许可的监督与救济

行政许可是政府管理社会政治、经济、文化等多方面事务的一种事前控制手段。要防止行政许可工作人员违法实施行政许可和滥用权力,保护公民、法人和其他经济组织的合法权益,必须加强对行政许可机关实施许可活动的监督、制约与救济。如何完善行政机关实施行政许可的监督与制约机制,为相对人提供有效的救济途径,是近年来学界重点关注的问题之一。本文对我国行政机关实施行政许可监督救济的现实意义、基本途径及存在的问题、完善措施等进行了阐述。     

Patient selection for heart transplantation: when is a discriminating choice discrimination?

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against the handicapped in any program receiving federal funds. With its implementing regulations, Section 504 may well apply to the selection of patients for medical treatments. This article examines patient selection for heart transplantation, in light of the Rehabilitation Act and its previous application in similar (but non-medical) contexts. With the growing need to allocate scarce medical resources comes a need to examine carefully the legal bounds for patient-selection procedures.