加拿大一般反避税条款研究

我国2007年制定、2008年1月1日开始实施的《新企业所得税法》中的制定了第六章特别纳税调整,确立了我国反避税制度,其中引入了一般反避税条款。中国一般反避税条款无论是在理论上还是在实践中都还存在着很多不完善、不确定之处,需要进一步探讨如何完善一般反避税条款和建立相关的配套制度,而闭门造车非明智之举,加拿大一般反避税条款已经比较完善,本文试着对作一探讨,希望对中国税法上的一般反避税条款的完善有所裨益。     

新《企业所得税法》的一般反避税条款再审视

新《企业所得税法》中的一般反避税条款作为弥补法律漏洞的、具有一般防范性的、兜底性的条款,可以网罗其他的那些无法归在转让定价、避税地、资本弱化等具体反避税条款中但又构成需要法律规制的避税行为。但是一般反避税条款在具体实施中的缺点也显而易见。由于我国目前的税收执法水平、税收执法队伍素质、税收司法审理等,一般反避税条款的实施面临着诸多现实问题。在对一般反避税条款进行评析的基础上,结合我国的现实情况,提出进一步完善一般反避税条款的建议。     

一般反避税条款适用之关键问题分析

我国《企业所得税法》第47条确立了"一般反避税条款",但税法实践中较少适用该条款来启动一般反避税调查。从一起滥用税收协定一般反避税案来看,该条款适用的关键在于如何解释"实施其他不具有合理商业目的的安排"和"有权按照合理方法调整"。一般反避税条款中的两个"合理"可以划定税收筹划权和纳税调整权的边界:"具有合理商业目的"是纳税人行使税收筹划权而节省税收成本的私法上的安排是否得到税法保护的标准,而税务机关行使纳税调整权而否认避税安排的公法上的权力必须适当,其所作出的特别纳税调整决定必须谨守谦抑之本分——"按照合理方法调整",并可受司法之检验。     

国际税收协定与国内税法关系探讨——以受控外国公司税制为视角

长期以来,国际税收协定与国内反避税法的关系问题一直存在争议。一般认为,税收协定优于国内税法;但是,为了防止纳税人滥用税收协定进行避税,该原则也不应绝对化。受控外国公司税制作为一种重要的反避税措施,也产生了与税收协定的兼容性问题。从欧盟国家的实践来看,观点并不一致。但2003年OECD范本注释明确规定,两者是兼容的。由于我国在新的企业所得税中规定了该项税制,因此,解决两者的兼容性也是必须面对的问题。同时,在《宪法》没有对条约在国内法中地位进行规定之前,我国《企业所得税法》第58条应得到完善。     

新旧企业所得税税法差异比较

2007年3月16日,我田公布了《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》,该法将于2008年1月1日起施行。新的《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》将取代1991年4月9日公布的《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》和1993年12月13日发布的《中华人民共和国企业所得税暂行条例》。鉴于新法在纳税人、税率、扣除、税收优惠等方面与现行税法有诸多不同,本文特将企业所得税法新旧法条要点加以对比,以备读者比较。     

医疗损害责任一般条款的理解与适用

在《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》中,医疗损害责任一般条款是侵权责任一般条款体系中的一种,其基本功能是概括已有明文规定的医疗损害责任类型,为没有明文规定请求权基础的医疗损害责任类型和请求权基础不明确的具体医疗损害责任提供请求权基础。在司法实践中适用医疗损害责任一般条款,必须依照其规定的基本内容进行,即以过错责任原则为其基本归责原则,其基本构成要件应坚持"四要件说",侵权责任形态应定性为替代责任,《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》第54条为各类医疗损害责任提供请求权基础,统一医事法律法规有关医疗损害责任规定的适用,并在特定情况下进行援引。     

中国税制改革的历史性突破——《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》的主要内容

十届全国人大第五次会议审议通过了《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》（以下简称新税法）。这部法律将于2008年1月1日起实施。现行的《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》和国务院《中华人民共和国企业所得税暂行条例》同时废止。现将其主要内容、特点和审议的有关情况介绍如下：     

税法问题走向民主

在《企业所得税法》实施问题与配套法规制定高峰论坛上,法律、经济方面的专家和学者从宏观和微观层面对《企业所得税法》出台以及配套规定提出了具有建设性的观点     

涉企业数据竞争行为的法律规制

企业数据在既有法律框架下无法获得充分保护,作为一种财产性利益,企业数据与一般条款具有耦合性。但是,一般条款的裁判思路依赖于传统侵权模式,最高人民法院在"海带配额案"中创设的三个构成要件,使一般条款陷入困境,无法应对行为规制法的本质要求,无法与《民法典》相衔接。企业数据涉及个体经济利益、行业利益及公共利益,"全有全无"构成要件式的侵权判断,不能应对复杂多变的涉企业数据竞争行为的法律规制。动态系统论以"或多或少"的思路考量各要素的数量和强度的协作,按照价值位阶和顺序,考虑企业数据本身的合法性、行为人主观过错、行为影响,根据具体场景综合权衡损害与收益,可以为涉企业数据竞争行为的正当性判断提供正确的裁判思路和理论支持。     

国际纳税主体避税问题分析简

国际纳税主体作为国际税收法律关系中纳税的一方,在利益的驱使下,不仅要考虑如何降低成本,而且要考虑如何降低税负.在减少税负的多种选择中,避税被认为是一种最为“安全”和“保险”的方法.随着国际化和跨国公司的迅猛发展,国际税收领域内的避税现象也越来越严重,各国针对国际纳税主体进行国际避税所采用的各种方法,通过单边立法和国际协调规制采取相应的措施加以限制.我国2008年1月1日实施的《企业所得税法》,第一次从法律层面对反避税进行了全面细致的规定.     

Medicaid program; eligibility groups, coverage, and conditions of eligibility; legislative changes under OBRA '87, COBRA, and TEFRA--HCFA. Final rule

This rule amends the Medicaid regulations to incorporate or revise the following mandatory and optional eligibility groups of individuals for Medicaid coverage: (1) Pregnant women; (2) qualified children under a specified age; (3) children in adoptions and foster care; (4) certain disabled widows and widowers; and (5) certain disabled children being cared for at home. The rule also adds a condition of eligibility relating to third party liability for medical assistance expenditures. The amendments conform the regulations to certain statutory provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, and the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982.     

Amendments to general regulations of the Food and Drug Administration. Direct final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending certain of its general regulations to include tobacco products, where appropriate, in light of FDA's authority to regulate these products under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act). With these amendments, tobacco products will be subject to the same general requirements that apply to other FDA-regulated products. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, we are publishing a companion proposed rule under FDA's usual procedures for notice and comment to provide a procedural framework to finalize the rule in the event we receive significant adverse comment and withdraw this direct final rule.     

Medicaid program; modification of certain requirements for health insuring organizations--HCFA. Final rule

This final rule implements statutory changes which expressly made certain Health Insuring Organizations (HIOs) subject to Medicaid Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) rules. The statute implemented in this rule requires that an HIO which became operational on or after January 1, 1986, and arranges for comprehensive health services for Medicaid recipients on a risk basis be subject to HMO requirements. The statute also provides that exemptions from certain HMO rules are permitted for HIOs which began operation on or after January 1, 1986, if the HIOs are operating under a section 1915(b) waiver obtained prior to that date, or if an HIO is otherwise identified in the law. The exemptions continue as long as the waiver under section 1915(b) of the Social Security Act remains in effect. The statutory provisions implemented in this rule were enacted in section 9517(c) of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended by section 9435(e) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986, and section 1895(c)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.     

Employment-based immigrants--Immigration and Naturalization Service. Final rule

This final rule implements section 121 of the Immigration Act of 1990, Public Law 101-649, November 29, 1990 (IMMACT), by providing petitioning procedures for employment-based immigrants under sections 203(b) (1) through (5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (Act). It will also implement new immigrant classifications and requirements established by Public Law 101-649, and clarify, for the general public and businesses, requirements for classification and admission for these new immigrant classifications. This rule is necessary to help American businesses hire highly skilled, specially trained personnel to fill increasingly sophisticated jobs for which domestic personnel cannot be found.     

Medicaid program; citizenship documentation requirements. Final rule

This final rule amends Medicaid regulations to implement the provision of the Deficit Reduction Act that requires States to obtain satisfactory documentary evidence of an applicant's or recipient's citizenship and identity in order to receive Federal financial participation. It also incorporates changes made to these requirements through section 405(c)(1)(A) of Division B of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act (TRHCA), Pub. L. 109-432, enacted December 20, 2006. This regulation provides States with guidance on the types of documentary evidence that may be accepted, including alternative forms of documentary evidence in addition to those described in the statute and the conditions under which this documentary evidence can be accepted to establish the applicant's citizenship.     

Medicaid program; health care-related taxes

This final rule revises the collection threshold under the regulatory indirect guarantee hold harmless arrangement test to reflect the provisions of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006. When determining whether there is an indirect guarantee under the 2-prong test for portions of fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2008 and before October 1, 2011, the allowable amount that can be collected from a health care-related tax is reduced from 6 to 5.5 percent of net patient revenues received by the taxpayers. This final rule also clarifies the standard for determining the existence of a hold harmless arrangement under the positive correlation test, Medicaid payment test, and the guarantee test (with conforming changes to parallel provisions concerning hold harmless arrangements with respect to provider-related donations); codifies changes to permissible class of health care items or services related to managed care organizations as enacted by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005; and, removes obsolete transition period regulatory language.     

Temporary alien workers seeking classification under the Immigration and Nationality Act--Immigration and Naturalization Service. Final rule

This final rule implements provisions of the Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT). Public Law No. 101-649, November 29, 1990, and the Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act of 1991. Public Law No. 102-110, October 1, 1991, as they relate to temporary alien workers seeking nonimmigrant classification and admission to the United States under sections 101(a)(15) (H), (L), (O), and (P) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (Act), 8 U.S.C. 1101. This rule also contains technical amendments which reflect the Service's operating experience under the H and L classifications. This rule will conform Service policy to the intent of Congress as it relates to these classifications, implement new nonimmigrant classifications and requirements established by Public Law 101-649 and Public Law No. 102-110, and clarify for businesses and the general public requirements for classification, admission, and maintenance of status.     

Tax policy and equipment leasing after TEFRA

The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 substantially modified the "safe harbor" leasing provisions enacted by the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. In this Comment, Professors Warren and Auerbach argue that the modifications did not remedy the defects they identified in an earlier Article and that a new category of "finance leases" may prove to be nearly as valuable for some taxpayers as were safe harbor leases before the 1982 changes.     

纳税人意识概念的法层次分析

"税收是文明的对价",税收就是将国家和纳税人个体结成为一个纽带连接到一起。在税收产生的进程中,随着法治、平等、公平等理念的出现,在现代法治国家中,必然要求纳税人意识的产生。何为纳税人意识,本文将从三个方面具体阐述纳税人意识的内涵。     

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act amendments--BIA, IHS. Notice of proposed rulemaking

The Secretaries of the Department of Interior (DOI) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) propose a joint rule to implement section 107 of the Indian Self-Determination Act, as amended, including Title I, Public Law 103-413, the Indian Self-Determination Contract Reform Act of 1994. A joint rule, as required by section 107(a)(2)(A)(ii) of the Act, will permit the Departments to award contracts and grants to Indian tribes without the unnecessary burden or confusion associated with having two sets of rules for single program legislation. In section 107(a)(1) of the Act Congress delegated to the Departments limited legislative rulemaking authority in certain specified subject matter areas, and the joint rule addresses only those specific areas. As required by section 107(d) of the Act, the Departments have developed this proposed rule with active tribal participation, using the guidance of the Negotiated Rulemaking Act.