血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度测定影响因素的研究

目的 考察血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(HbCO％)测定的影响因素,为其结果评定和所需样品保存条件提供实验依据。方法 利用三种分光光度法,测定30d内不同条件下保存的CO阳性血的HbCO％的变化。结果 还原双波长法、双波长法测定结果比较稳定,单波长法抗干扰能力较差;尸检所取血样的保存条件包括温度、保存时间及与空气接触程度对HbCO％的测定均有影响,其中温度影响较为显著。结论 利用还原双波长法与双波长法,并结合光谱扫描观察峰形变化可得到比较可靠的结果。30d内4℃条件下,密闭容器中血样接触少量空气不影响其HbCO％的测定。     

血液样品中防腐剂对碳氧血红蛋白稳定性的影响

目的研究临床上常用8种试剂对血液样品中碳氧血红蛋白(HbCO)稳定性的影响。方法将血液样品分为高、低两个HbCO浓度组,选用临床常用的甲醛、氟化钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、亚硝酸钠、草酸钾、肝素钠、柠檬酸钾及氟化钠与草酸钾混合物(1:3)8种试剂,按常用浓度分别添加到血样品中,并于添加后0h、2h、8h、24h、3d、7d用紫外可见光分光光度法检测其中HbCO饱和度,用统计学方法进行结果分析。结果本实验选用的8种试剂只有甲醛和亚硝酸钠对HbCO的稳定性影响较为显著,而其余6种对HbCO稳定性的影响无统计学意义。结论在检验疑似CO中毒并经甲醛或亚硝酸钠防腐的检材时应慎重,以免导致错误的鉴定结论。     

血液中乙醇保存稳定性研究

目的确定血液中乙醇最佳保存条件,探讨影响血液中乙醇含量稳定性的主要因素。方法对血液保存的温度(-20、4、20℃)、防腐剂(NaF、无防腐剂、Na2O2)、储存容器中空气所占比例(0%、25%、50%)和血醇质量浓度(0.2、0.8、2.0mg/mL)四个因素采用正交试验L9(34)方法分组,样本采用顶空气相色谱法进行测定,测定结果采用方差分析进行讨论。结果在20℃保存且不加入防腐剂的两组样本中血醇浓度变化明显,其余变化不明显。结论血液样本在4℃、储存容器中空气比例为50%和加防腐剂(NaF)的条件下保存,稳定性最佳;四个影响因素中温度为影响血液中乙醇含量稳定性的主要因素。     

95例尸体血中HbCO％的分析

血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(简称HbCO％,下同)含量是判断一氧化碳中毒,推断火灾中尸体生前状态的依据。本文证明:血中HbCO％与其年龄、性别及不同情况下CO中毒有关。一氧化碳中毒的尸体含量较高(平均大于60％);火灾事故中遇难的尸体含量中等(平均在30～50％);而被杀后投入火场或服毒后自焚则较低(平均小于20％)。     

大鼠血液中HbCO随吸入CO浓度和时间的变化

目的研究不同一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)浓度下中毒大鼠的行为学特征、存活时间、碳氧血红蛋白(carboxyhemoglobin,HbCO)饱和度变化规律,为法医学实践中CO中毒死亡案件提供实验依据。方法将160只SD大鼠随机分为4组。自制染毒装置,使大鼠分别在CO浓度为1 250、3 750、6 250 mg/m~3及持续通入CO状态下染毒致死亡。观察不同CO浓度中毒大鼠的行为学特征,记录存活时间,采用分光光度法检测心血HbCO饱和度,并提取脑、心脏、肺、肝等器官进行组织病理学观察。结果 CO中毒大鼠的行为学特征表现为肢体瘫软、反应迟钝。随着CO浓度的升高,大鼠存活时间逐渐缩短,心血HbCO饱和度逐渐升高。在CO浓度为1 250 mg/m~3条件下,发现3例心血HbCO饱和度明显低于致死饱和度,其余各组未发现心血HbCO饱和度低于致死饱和度的情况。结论建立的不同浓度下CO中毒死亡动物模型,操作简单,重复性好,为进一步研究CO中毒及其他吸入性有毒气体的法医学研究奠定了基础。     

一种新的血液碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的导数光谱测定法

<正> 导数光谱法用于血液碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的测定是从70年代未见于文献的。不仅能克服普通光谱法的缺点,而且还具有更高的灵敏度、准确性和重现性。已报导的导数光谱法有二阶导数光谱法和四阶导数光谱法,都是首先将检血还原成还原血红蛋白(Hb)和碳氧血红蛋白(H     

尸体内一氧化碳存在的分析及法医学意义

一氧化碳中毒一般多见于意外事故。近年来利用一氧化碳自杀、谋杀案时有发生，特别是利用煤气管道开放杀人后又伪装火灾的案例屡见不鲜。因此，检测尸体中是否含有碳氧血红蛋白（HbCO）及其含量多少，常是提示一氧化碳中毒致死或是死后一氧化碳侵入的重要依据。为能正确分析判断死因，应对一氧化碳中毒的复杂性、可变性及尸体中一氧化碳产生的原因等有较全面的了解。一、溺水尸体中一氧化碳的产生与判断尽管溺水尸体血液及体液中经常检出较高HbCO，但不能由此盲目判断为生前CO中毒。K0jima等“’曾做了CO死后形成的实验研究。即将溺死…     

液化石油气与煤气中毒检验的异同

目的 研究液化石油气与煤气中毒鉴定的异同。方法 将实验小白鼠、SD大鼠及家兔分别经液化石油气和煤气染毒,测定中毒后血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(HbCO%)及丙烷。结果 煤气中毒家兔体内碳氧血红蛋白饱和度达及49.95%;煤气中毒死亡小白鼠及大鼠体内HbCO%大于60%;液化石油气中毒死亡的家兔、小白鼠及大鼠血中检出丙烷,而体内HbCO%与正常的家兔、小白鼠及大鼠体内HbCO%无明显差异。结论 煤气中毒可通过测定其体内HbCO%进行鉴定;液化石油气中毒后体内HbCO%未见明显升高,可通过测定血中丙烷进行鉴定。     

Matlab软件编程直接计算碳氧血红蛋白饱和度

检验血液中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度越来越多地应用仪器进行定性、定量分析,其中紫外光谱法由于简单、方便,应用较普遍。但该法需要对所得到的紫外光谱图进行手工测量计算,常常产生较大的误差。本文采用Matlab软件,根据碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的计算方法编写了一个程序,消除了这种人为的误差,并实现了测量过程的自动化,且计算快速、简便。Mat-lab软件计算功能强大,提供了一种演算纸方式的编程语言,已成为科学研究和工程计算的基本技能[1,2],但在法庭物证科学中的应用还很少,现报道如下。1一氧化碳中毒血紫外吸收光谱图取0.2ml检血,加适量的蒸馏水稀…     

非典型CO中毒死亡的法医学检验分析

正含碳物质燃烧不全会产生CO,其引起的中毒俗称"煤气中毒",每年因CO中毒而死亡者居各种外中毒死亡之首。CO中毒死亡的法医学检验,依据现场勘查和尸体表面及解剖所特有的尸体现象外,不难判明其死因。但在法医实践中也会遇到尸体中毒征象不明显、血液中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度低、甚至为阴性结果的案例,该类案件需要引起法医鉴定人的高度重     

False positive reaction for carboxyhemoglobin in blood from liver tissue

On spectrophotometric determination of carboxyhemoglobin in blood collected from the liver of three bodies at three days post-mortem, false positive results were found (5 – 15 per cent saturation), since samples of heart blood collected a few hours after death did not contain carboxyhemoglobin.     

Experimental study on postmortem formation of carbon monoxide

Rats were drowned and kept immersed for 1 month in either boiled city water, or boiled or unboiled fresh water collected from a river. A small amount of carbon monoxide (CO) formed after death and a low carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturation was found in blood and thoracic cavity fluid of the animals immersed in boiled city water and in boiled fresh water. A considerable amount of CO and a high HbCO saturation was observed in blood and thoracic cavity fluid in two out of three rats immersed in unboiled fresh water at 4-6 degrees C, and in one out of three at 6-16 degrees C. It is suggested that microorganisms in the water, in which the rats were drowned and kept immersed, and low temperatures of around 5 degrees C during storage, played an important role in the postmortem formation of carbon monoxide.     

Long-term storage of blood samples as whole blood at extremely low temperatures for methemoglobin determination

Changes in methemoglobin (Met-Hb) concentrations during storage of whole blood and a hemolysate at refrigerated or various freezing temperatures were examined using experimentally prepared blood samples. When whole blood was stored at 3 degrees C, rapid reduction of Met-Hb was observed in the nitrite-treated blood whereas neither reduction nor formation of Met-Hb was observed in the untreated and heated blood within 7 days. When hemolysate was stored at 3 degrees C, Met-Hb concentrations were stable within a few days regardless of the initial values. However, slight autoxidation was observed 7 days after storage in the untreated and heated blood. When whole blood was stored at various freezing temperatures, Met-Hb concentrations were practically stable until at least 30 days at -80 degrees C or -196 degrees C regardless of the initial values, although considerable autoxidation was observed at -30 degrees C especially in the blood containing small amounts of Met-Hb. Based on the results obtained, a new method was devised for long-term storage of whole blood at extremely low temperatures for Met-Hb determinations.     

甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血检验干扰的研究

目的探讨甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血的检测是否产生干扰,提高一氧化碳中毒鉴定的可靠性。方法采用常用的血中一氧化碳或碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的检测方法对未加甲醛和加甲醛的血样分别进行实验研究。结果甲醛对加热法、氢氧化钠法、氯化钯法、分光光度法等检测方法均可产生不同程度的干扰。结论经福尔马林灌注或固定的检材不宜用于一氧化碳中毒血检测,否则可能导致错误的鉴定结论。     

血液和尿液样品中海洛因代谢物稳定性研究

目的对尿液和血液中海洛因代谢物3-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸吗啡（M3G）,吗啡,O6-单乙酰吗啡（O6）在180d内的稳定性进行研究。方法准备空白添加血液、尿液、染毒动物（大白兔）血液、尿液和吸食海洛因者血液、尿液样本,分别置于20℃、4℃、-20℃下,分别于0、1、2、4、7、14、28、56、112、156、180d时间点测定样品中M3G、吗啡,O6相对含量。结果在3种不同温度下,随保存时间的延长,血液、尿液中的O6含量均逐渐下降至零;血液中吗啡含量升高（空白血液添加组）或下降（染毒动物组）,在尿液则均升高;血液样中M3G含量均升高,尿样中则略有下降。下降和升高的幅度均随保存温度的下降而缩小。结论海洛因代谢物在-20℃时保存稳定性最佳。     

Storage of blood for methemoglobin determination: comparison of storage with a cryoprotectant at -30 degrees C and without any additions at -80 degrees C or -196 degrees C

Changes in methemoglobin (Met-Hb) concentrations during storage of whole blood or mixtures of blood and a cryoprotectant at refrigerated or various freezing temperatures were examined using blood samples from nitrite-administered rats and from autopsy cadavers. When whole blood was stored at 3 degrees C, Met-Hb reduction was observed in blood samples from nitrite-administered rats and in the blood from a victim poisoned by a weed killer containing some oxidant. When samples were stored at -30 degrees C, Met-Hb formation by autoxidation was inevitably observed in blood samples stored as whole blood, whereas addition of a cryoprotectant to whole blood could prevent Met-Hb formation in all the blood samples. When whole blood was stored at -80 degrees C or -196 degrees C, Met-Hb concentrations were practically stable until at least 30 days regardless of the initial values except in the control rat blood samples stored at -80 degrees C which showed slight formation of Met-Hb. From the results obtained, both the storage with a cryoprotectant at -30 degrees C and that without any additions at -80 degrees C or -196 degrees C proved to be suitable for long-term storage of blood samples from autopsy cadavers for Met-Hb determination.     

Air embolism or putrefaction? Gas analysis findings and their interpretation

Gas was detected in the hearts of 111 necropsy cases. The gas was quantified and then analyzed by gas chromatography. In 70 cases H2, a clear marker of putrefaction, could be identified in the samples. After critical consideration, air embolism was accepted in 36 of the remaining cases. In nearly all instances, severe skull trauma or stab wounds to the neck or clavicular region gave rise to the air embolism. When the gas analysis data were compared, clear-cut differences were found between the two groups of putrefaction and air embolism. CO2 concentrations below 15%, N2 concentrations above 70%, and a CO2/N2 ratio below 0.2 proved to be good criteria to determine an air embolism. However, gas volumes, O2 concentrations, and CO2/O2 ratios largely overlapped in the two groups. Air embolism samples consistently had lower O2 concentrations and higher CO2 concentrations than atmospheric air, and this was evidently independent from incipient putrefaction. We suggest that these deviations result from a gas exchange between the venous blood and the embolized air volume taking place in the right heart ventricle. The dimensions of the concentration shifts may be understood from severe agonal hypoxia and hypercapnia.     

A New Approach for the Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposure Diagnosis: Measurement of Total CO in Human Blood Versus Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

The aim of the study is to present the application of a headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐GC‐MS) method for the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) blood concentration and to compare it with carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturation. In postmortem cases, the HbCO measured by spectrophotometry frequently leads to inaccurate results due to inadequate samples or analyses. The true role of CO intoxication in the death of a person could be misclassified. The estimation of HbCO from HS‐GC‐MS CO measurements provides helpful information by determining the total CO levels (CO linked to hemoglobin (HbCO) and CO dissociated from hemoglobin). The CO concentrations were converted in HbCO saturation levels to define cutoff blood CO values. CO limits were defined as less than 1 μmol/mL for living persons, less than 1.5 μmol/mL for dead persons without CO exposure, and greater than 3 μmol/mL for dead persons with clear CO poisoning.     

A study on house fire victims: age, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen cyanide and hemolysis.

Correlation among age, concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin and hydrogen cyanide, oxygen density and hemolysis were studied in 120 house fire victims. Victims aged over 60 years comprised approximately 50% of the pooled subjects. Blood samples were mainly collected from the left ventricle, but sometimes from both the right and left ventricles. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin ranged from 1-95%, of which 71 persons (59.7%) died with carboxyhemoglobin concentrations below 60%. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations below 10% were found in 9 persons (7.5%). Most of these cases involved the elderly persons. In this paper, we report on the death of elderly victims as a result of low carboxyhemoglobin concentrations. A significant correlation of blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations existed between the right and left ventricles. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the left ventricle was significantly higher than that in the right. Two out of 31 victims whose hydrogen cyanide concentrations were determined, succumbed to hydrogen cyanide poisoning, having a high concentration of hydrogen cyanide and a low concentration of carboxyhemoglobin. On analysis, oxygen density was found to be low in 13 persons. A negative correlation was shown between carboxyhemoglobin concentration and hemolysis. Inasmuch as hemolysis may indicate the extent of heat dissociation, hemolysis should provide an index of carbon monoxide dissociation from carboxyhemoglobin. In the present study of victims, possible causes of death i.e., carbon monoxide gas poisoning, hydrogen cyanide poisoning, oxygen deprivation, burning, shock due to burns and others were estimated. The survival time for elderly victims was considered to be short.