CI-mass fragmentographic analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human autopsy tissues after acute methamphetamine poisoning

A 22-year-old male methamphetamine abuser was put under police protection owing to his abnormal state of excitation, but died 1 h later. Distribution of methamphetamine and amphetamine in the body was analyzed by the chemical ionization mass fragmentographic method. Amphetamine/methamphetamine concentrations (μmol/100 g) were $\text{0.24}\text{5.59}$ in blood, $\text{0.41}\text{9.43}$ in liver, $\text{0.41}\text{10.02}$ in brain, $\text{0.37}\text{9.80}$ in kidney, $\text{0.18}\text{4.57}$ in muscle, $\text{0.02}\text{0.63}$ in subcutaneous fat and $\text{1.87}\text{1464}$ in gastric contents. Total amount of methamphetamine hydrochloride in stomach contents was about 54 mg. Amphetamine concentrations in tissues ranged from 3.2% to 4.3% of methamphetamine, and was 0.1% in stomach contents. Amphetamine in tissues seems to be a metabolite of methamphetamine, and amphetamine in gastric contents is presumed to result from gastric mucous excretion. The blood concentration of methamphetamine was at a fatal level, and the total amount of the drug in gastric contents indicates that fatal poisoning occurred by ingestion.     

生物样品中曲马多的分离和鉴定

简要地介绍了曲马多的药理性质和在生物样品中的分离方法,给出了其在GC和TLC法中的分析数据,所介绍的方法具有操作简单回收率高等优点.     

甲基苯丙胺和乙醇在染毒大鼠体内联用的实验研究

目的研究甲基苯丙胺（MA）和乙醇联合应用在急性、亚急性染毒大鼠体内的情况。方法以MA1.0 mg/kg剂量对慢性自由饮酒大鼠多次腹腔注射,分别建立急性、亚急性染毒大鼠模型;处死后即时检测血中乙醇浓度、体液和组织样品中MA的浓度。结果多次注入MA药后,亚急性中毒大鼠体内的MA浓度高于急性中毒大鼠;急性和亚急性联合中毒大鼠体内MA浓度均高于急性和亚急性单一药物组。结论无论是否联用乙醇,14d内增加注射次数会在大鼠体内产生不同程度的MA残留;与乙醇联用可加速MA在大鼠体内的吸收,其药物浓度的升高程度随生物样品不同存在差异。     

Application of solvent microextraction to the analysis of amphetamines and phencyclidine in urine

A fast and simple method to detect some commonly abused illicit drugs, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylendioxy-amphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylendioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylendioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) and phencyclidine (PCP) in urine using solvent microextraction (SME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) analysis has been developed. The extraction is conducted by suspending a 2 μl drop of chloroform in a 2 ml urine sample. Following 8 min of extraction, the organic solvent is withdrawn into the syringe and injected into a GC with a pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (PDHID).The effects of different extraction solvents and times, pH and sample preparation were studied. The optimized method was capable of detecting drugs in urine at concentrations below Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) established cut-off values for preliminary testing. Good linearity and reproducibility of extraction were obtained. The limits of detection were 0.5 μg/ml for amphetamine, 0.1 μg/ml for methamphetamine and MDA, 0.05 μg/ml for MDMA, 0.025 μg/ml for MDEA and 0.015 μg/ml for PCP. Relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values ranged between 5 and 20% for the studied drugs.     

集体土地所有权的检讨及物权法上的制度重构——对《物权法(草案)》相关条款的评析

我国法律对集体土地所有权的权属规定不明确,集体土地所有权权能不完全,现实生活中存在很多弊端,因而要改革、完善农村集体土地所有权制度,赋予集体土地以一个明确的所有权主体。我国未来的物权法应当在承认农村土地集体所有的基础上,取消土地承包经营权的制度设计,构建农地使用权制度。     

On the frequency of occurrence of a peculiar polyester fibre type found in blue denim textiles

In a double murder investigation, the victims were found after a prolonged stay in a drainage canal. In spite of the expectations, fibre examination established a multitude of primary and secondary transferred fibres. One of these fibre types was a colourless polyester fibre possessing a blue coloured molten fibre end. These matched one of the types present in the suspect's blue denim trousers. The aim of this study was to verify the rarity of this peculiar fibre type and more precisely its presence in blue denim textiles. Over five hundred different blue jeans textiles were examined and only one of these presented exactly the same type. The comparison involved microscopy, microspectrophotometry in the visible range and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate this fibre type is extremely rare in a blue jeans fabrics and that “standard” blue denim should not be disregarded in case work.     

Victim age,attractiveness and,abuse history as factors in the perception of a hypothetical child sexual abuse case

Abstract

This study examines the effect of victim age, victim attractiveness, the victim's abuse history and respondent gender have on attributions of blame and credibility towards a female victim in a hypothetical child sexual abuse case. A total of 397 respondents from a community sample read a hypothetical child sexual abuse (CSA) scenario in which victim age, victim attractiveness and the victim's abuse history were manipulated. Respondents then completed a 16-item blame attribution questionnaire. Several predictions were made. First, a 10-year-old victim would be deemed less blameworthy and more credible than a 15-year-old victim. Secondly, an attractive victim would be viewed more positively, and attributed less blame, than an unattractive victim. Thirdly, a victim with previous history of being sexual abused—either by the same or different perpetrators—would be deemed more culpable for their own CSA than a first time victims. Finally, female respondents were expected to take a more pro-victim and anti-perpetrator stance than males. Whilst comparatively few differences were found across victim attractiveness and abuse history. Overall findings were broadly in line with predictions. It was concluded that victim age and respondent gender play particularly important roles in the attribution of blame towards victims and perpetrators of child sexual abuse.     

从国际实践看国家需要具备的条件

国家需要具备的条件用于区分国家与其他政治实体。从国际实践看,人民、与别的国家进行交往的能力或者进行国际交往的能力、有效的政府、遵守国际法方面的要求、国家的作用、民主和尊重人权方面的要求等国际法学者提出的国家需要具备的条件或者国家资格的标准不是国家需要具备的条件。国家需要具备的条件是定居的居民、领土、政府和独立。     

关于民法中确立禁止权利滥用原则的思考

随着社会的变迁,人们的法权观念也发生着变化,由"私权神圣"、"权利绝对",继而提出对私权行使予以适度的限制,禁止权利滥用逐渐被确立为民法的一项基本原则.而禁止权利滥用能否成为我国民法的一项基本原则,其含义、认定标准等方面存在争议,对此做一探讨.     

Does procedural fairness matter for drug abusers to stop illicit drug use? Testing the applicability of the process-based model in a Chinese context

ABSTRACT

This study examined the influences of procedural fairness on Chinese drug users’ efforts to stop substance abuse, with a primary goal to test the applicability of the process-based model in the Chinese context. According to Tyler (1990 Tyler, T. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar], Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), the core theoretical argument underpinning the process-based model is that if citizens consider the police to be fair in using their powers, they will view the police as legitimate and accordingly cooperate with the police and comply with the law. Using data from a sample of 202 Chinese drug users, this study found that procedural fairness has an indirect effect on drug users’ efforts to stop illicit drug use. Specifically, procedural fairness used by the police increased Chinese drug users’ efforts to stop substance abuse through its prior effects on drug users’ perceptions of police trustworthiness. These findings provide some support for the key arguments of the process-based model of regulation, and have important implications for the direction of efforts to encourage desistance-related behavior among substance abusers.     

Assessment of the cause and mode of death of victims of a mass industrial accident in the Halemba coal mine

On 21 November 2006 in the Halemba coal mine, Ruda ?l?ska, a mass industrial accident occurred. The underground catastrophe was probably due to combustion of methane followed by explosion of pulverised coal and resulted in death of twenty-three miners. The occurrence has been acknowledged to be one of the most serious accidents in Polish mining industry. Post-mortem examinations of the deceased were carried out in Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, and in some cases additional dissecting techniques were employed. Photographs were taken as well as numerous specimens for various laboratory tests were collected. Toxicological analyses of blood samples revealed high levels of carboxyhaemoglobin saturation in seventeen cases, and detected presence of methane in the lungs of seven individuals, whereas microscopic specimens mainly showed lesions characteristic of putrefaction. The post-mortem procedures eventually allowed to establish the cause of death of all victims. The authors attempt to determine a range of requisite medico-legal proceedings and examinations that should be carried out in case of a mass industrial accident, and emphasise the need for development of appropriate guidelines.     

论合同未生效阶段的法律责任--兼谈合同责任体系的进一步完善

我国合同责任的体系正趋于完善 ,缔约过失责任、违约责任以及后合同责任三者共同构成我国现行的合同责任体系。但对少数合同而言 ,其生效滞后于成立 ,有一个成立而未生效的阶段 ,这一阶段是前述三种责任都无法提供保护的特殊阶段 ,需要一种新的责任来规制这一阶段当事人的行为 ,这种责任便是合同未生效阶段的法律责任。     

Perpetrators of organised child sexual exploitation (CSE) in the UK: a review of current research

ABSTRACT

Researchers and professionals tend to agree that there continues to be a paucity of evidence on who perpetrates organised child sexual exploitation (CSE). This article provides a review of currently available research and data pertaining to this form of offending. It also considers gaps in existing research and some of the challenges surrounding current data recording. Beginning with a discussion of terminology surrounding organised CSE - which has also been called “group localised grooming”, “internal trafficking” and “contact child sex abuse” – there then follows a request for greater clarity of terminology. Finally, the specific issue of offender characteristics is broached through an examination of available research and evidence relating to the perpetrators of organised CSE.     

罪刑法定原则视野下的非法经营罪

非法经营罪是我国刑法规定的经济犯罪之一 ,由于其中“其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”的存在 ,非法经营罪有成为新的“口袋罪”的危险。非法经营罪的本质在于经营行为严重扰乱了国家法律法规事先确定的市场管理秩序 ,而且该秩序会随着国家经济政策的调整有所变化 ;现行的刑事立法已经表现出对非法经营行为的关注 ,但亦步亦趋大可不必 ,完全可以以空白罪状之不变应万变 ;对“其他非法经营行为”的范围 ,应正确理解“国家规定” ,并对此进行适当的限制 ,才能够有效地限制其扩张 ,彻底贯彻罪刑法定原则     

构建民事再审立案审查程序的思考

民事再审立案审查程序包括申诉复查案件的立案受理 (即立卷 )、审查、通知驳回或裁定再审三个主要环节 ,它与再审程序共同构成了我国完整意义上的民事审判监督程序。近年来 ,随着民事审判监督制度和审判方式改革的深入以及再审案件立审分立制度的推行 ,民事再审立案审查程序三个主要环节上存在的问题逐渐暴露出来。为此 ,应当反思和完善民事再审立案审查程序的基本原则 ,并从申诉复查案件立案受理条件、审查组织形式、审查方式、审查期限、再审立案标准、再审立案审批程序、诉讼文书样式等方面来考虑民事再审立案审查程序的构建。     

公司对外担保行为的效力

本文从上市公司为大股东担保引发的诸多问题出发 ,详细分析了目前我国立法对于公司对外担保行为的各种限制 ,指出了其中的不足之处并提出了相应的完善建议。文章还对限制公司对外担保行为的法理依据进行了分析 ,指出虽然严格限制公司对外担保在目前具有积极的意义 ,但也存在以后放宽限制的可能。最后 ,文章还对因公司对外担保行为无效而产生的相关责任进行了分析     

Lipidic compounds found in soils surrounding human decomposing bodies and its use in forensic investigations – A narrative review

Following decomposition of a human body, a variety of decomposition products, such as lipids, are released into the surrounding environment, e.g. soils. The long-lasting preservation in soils and their high diagnostic potential have been neglected in forensic research. Furthermore, little is known about the preservation, chemical transformation, or degradation of those human derived lipids in soils. To date, several studies identified various lipids such as long-chain free fatty acids and steroids in soils that contained decomposition fluids. Those lipids are preserved in soils over time and could serve as markers of human decomposition in forensic investigations, e.g. for estimating the post-mortem interval or identifying the burial location of a human body. Therefore, this review focuses on the current literature regarding fatty acid and steroid that have been detected in soils and associated with human body decomposition. After a short introduction about human decomposition processes, this review summarises fatty acid and steroid analysis applied in current case studies and studies related to taphonomic research. This review provides an overview of the available studies that have used fatty acids and steroids as identifiers of human decomposition fluid in soils in a forensic context and discusses the potential for developing this innovative field of research with direct application in a forensic context.     

Some Examples of Applications of a Microthermal Desorption Device in the Forensic Laboratory

Abstract:  Several applications of a microthermal desorption device for analysis of small forensic samples are presented. The method uses a solid phase microextraction holder with the fiber removed. In addition to samples of inks on paper, this device was successfully used for analysis of toners, various stains on bank notes, and lipstick stains on paper. Other small items encountered in a forensic science laboratory were also analyzed: particles of smokeless powder, particles of coffee, and automotive clear topcoat layer. The desorbed compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector or by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This device can be used in connection with any kind of gas chromatograph. By selection of different injector temperatures, fractionated thermal desorption of samples is achieved. The procedure was demonstrated on samples of ballpoint pen ink of various age.     

环境瑕疵担保责任论纲——作为EPR政策落实手段的视角

瑕疵担保责任适用范围的渐趋拓展为其适用于环境领域提供了可能。我国的环境问题日益凸显,而相应的一些环境政策却无法得以具体落实,其中的EPR政策即为明证。基于此,文章重点对作为EPR政策私法落实手段的环境瑕疵担保责任进行了理论上的建构,明确了环境瑕疵担保责任与侵权法的关系,并依次从环境瑕疵担保责任的权利义务主体、客体、性质、内容、实现等方面加以详细分析。