我国粮食安全面临的挑战及对策

尽管我国近几年粮食连年丰收,但潜在的危机依然存在,粮食安全面临许多困境。突出地表现在区域利益不协调、粮食比较利益低、耕地保有量不断减少、工业化、城镇化对粮食需求的不断攀升、农业基础设施严重落后、自然灾害频繁发生、"生物能源"的发展对粮食安全的影响等七个方面,为此作者提出了保障国家粮食安全和突破困境的九大对策建议。     

我国粮食安全目标实现的制约因素及对策

我国粮食安全的总体目标是实现粮食等重要食物基本自给。为实现这一目标,必须稳定粮食播种面积,提高粮食单产水平,保持合理的粮食储备水平等。但由于受人们认识水平不高,耕地面积减少,水资源短缺,农业基础设施落后等因素的影响,我国粮食安全目标的实现面临着许多困难。这就需要我们制定和完善与粮食安全相关的政策法规,强化粮食安全责任制,着力提高粮食综合生产能力,大力发展粮食的替代产品,完善粮食储备体系,引导国民节约用粮,加强粮食安全的国际合作。     

确保粮食安全的战略举措

国家发展和改革委员会13日公布的《国家粮食安全中长期规划纲要(2008—2020年)》提出,我国粮食自给率要稳定在95%以上,到2020年粮食综合生产能力达到5400亿公斤以上。该纲要是我国政府制定的第一个中长期粮食安全规划,也是今后一个时期我国粮食宏观调控工作的重要依据。粮食安全是经济发展、社会稳定和国家自立的基础,始终是关系全局的重大战     

基于粮食安全的耕地保护问题研究

粮食安全问题是牵涉国计民生的大事,也是是治国安邦的必要条件,而耕地是确保粮食安全的重要因素,是粮食生产的基础和粮食安全的根本保障。目前,我国耕地保护面临着严峻的形势,长此以往,粮食安全必将受到威胁。因此,保护耕地责无旁贷。     

粮食托市的政策动因

小麦最低收购价政策,是积极促进粮食生产、加强粮食安全的价格宏观调控举措全国春耕开始前后,国家两次提高稻谷和小麦最低收购价,     

粮食金融化与粮食安全

文章以国际金融资本全球化为研究视角来看待21世纪的粮食安全问题,认为在美元过量增发条件下,大量过剩流动性源源不断地强化着直接冲击粮食期货市场的投机性金融资本,造成粮食的金融属性与传统意义的产销供求等价格生成条件的脱节愈益凸显,进而形成粮食金融化现象,是为粮食期货市场价格异常变化的主要因素,也是导致世界范围的粮食危机的主要因素。这个在金融资本全球化历史阶段所内生的灾难性后果作为不断发生的教训,已经引发国际社会的警觉;同时也对中国在20世纪适应产业资本向农业扩张阶段而建立的粮食安全战略及其相应的保障方式提出新挑战。     

粮食安全与农产品期货市场发展研究

目前影响粮食安全的主要因素，不仅包括粮食的生产、流通、储备、价格等，还包括国家的宏观调控，农民的粮食增收等。随着市场竞争力的日益激烈，高成本、低效率已成为妨碍我国粮食安全的重要问题。然而随着农产品期货市场的逐步发展，它正以其独特的经济功能和完善的交易体系，严格的交割制度，为粮食安全提供了一个有效的保障系统。     

我国水资源污染及防治措施研究

水污染加剧了全球的水资源短缺,危及到环境健康,严重制约到人类社会、经济与环境的可持续发展。当前我国面临着水量危机的同时,还面临着因污染导致的水质危机。水污染问题的防治措施有:严格控制点源污染,倡导"清洁生产";加强农村面源污染的宏观调控,倡导"生态农业";建立健全水资源保护管理制度。     

刍议全球粮食危机

"民以食为天",粮食是人类生存和发展的基础。然而,在科技迅猛发展的今天,粮食问题依旧困扰着我们,甚至演化为一场人类所不得不面对的危机。这场危机的原因复杂、影响深远。舒缓粮食危机的方法主要有:提高粮食储备;采取必要而有效措施减少粮食浪费;适当实行计划生育。     

盘点国家粮食供需“家底”

我国粮食供需将长期处于紧平衡状态,保障粮食安全面临严峻挑战在中国粮食市场受到全球关注的背景下,盘点一下我们粮食供需的家底十分必要。7月2日,温家宝总理2日主持召开国务院常务会议,讨论并原则通过《国家粮食安全中长期规划纲要》。这份纲要指出,当前我国粮食安全总体形势是好的,粮食综合生产能力稳步提高,食物供给日益丰富,供需基本平衡。     

Food 2030: Towards a Redefinition of Food? A Commentary on the New United Kingdom Government Food Strategy

The British government published its new food strategy in January 2010, entitled ‘Food 2030: How We Get There’. This emerges out of a considerable amount of policy activity and debate since the sharp rises in food prices during 2007–2008. This demonstrated the need both to now have an explicit food policy, and to position this as a goal across various government departments. In addition, it is recognised that food security and hunger are key global concerns. How does the strategy face up to the arrival of these new and combined challenges associated with the need to produce more food sustainably and to allocate it more fairly? Clearly, we are in a period of new productivism with regard to trying to solve national and international food security and sustainability issues. Yet this strategy misses an opportunity to stimulate a new strategic approach in enhancing and developing the United Kingdom's food supply system albeit in its international context. We need more governmental and political innovation and imagination if we are to meet these challenges. The new food strategy may come to represent the start of this process.     

美国食品安全监管的第三方审核机制研究

2010年美国通过了《FDA食品安全现代化法》,对进口食品安全监管首次引入第三方审核制度。这一规定背后反映的是美国在食品供应链全球化之后,传统的监管机制日益不敷现实之需而借鉴私人监管创新的结果。本文梳理了该法规定的第三方审核机制的适用范围和主要制度安排,同时考察了美国食品安全第三方审核机制的实践,深入分析了其存在的问题和面临的挑战。最后,作者探讨了美国这一机制对我国加强食品安全监管可能具有的启示。     

浅议食品安全问题对国家安全的危害

食品安全关系国计民生。认识食品安全问题的危害,从国家安全、民族存亡的高度对食品安全重要性达成共识,堵死食品安全事件借口,共筑食品安全的思想防线,是解决食品安全问题的前提。     

Food security and access to healthy foods in Indian country: Learning from the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Food access, food security, and nutrition‐related health disparities have long been recognized as particular challenges for Native Americans living on tribal land. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides nutrition assistance to tribal communities through the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR). In 2016, we completed a study of the FDPIR program for USDA's Food and Nutrition Service. This was the first national update since 1990. We found that FDPIR continued to serve people of all ages. However, since 1990, participation by children decreased whereas participation by elders increased. Consistent with the 1990 study, we found that FDPIR households are a very low‐income population. Households reported significantly higher rates of food insecurity than national averages—34% experienced low food security, and about 22% experienced very low food security. Changing demographics call for continued attention to the diverse nutritional needs of young and elderly program participants in tribal communities. Although barriers to food access persist in Indian country, FDPIR and locally sourced food initiatives help to meet needs. Nutrition and wellness education addresses health disparities and fosters healthy lifestyles. Partnerships operating at multiple levels support food production and distribution, improve access to healthy foods, and encourage healthy diets. From a policy and practice perspective, the study findings offer insights for tribal communities and rural areas that have limited access to healthy food options and illustrate how nutrition assistance programs can coexist with local initiatives to provide practical approaches to ensure healthy and adequate nutritional support.     

Debating Food Security Policy in Two Different Ideational Settings: A Comparison of Australia and Norway

Food security has emerged as a relatively new policy issue in agricultural policy making in developed countries. This policy problem is addressed within an institutional landscape in which agricultural ideas and institutions are well‐established. In this article, food security policy making in Australia and Norway is compared. In Australia, agricultural normalism (agricultural markets and production are considered to be similar to those of other economic sectors) has been dominant since the mid‐1980s, while Norwegian agricultural policy making has been dominated by agricultural exceptionalism (agriculture is considered a unique economic sector with special market and production conditions). It is demonstrated in the article how these two opposing institutionalised ideational foundations have influenced the nature of the food security debate in the two countries. In Australia, the debate emphasises the positive role of the market and trade in providing global food security. In Norway, the debate highlights the need to regulate market forces and restrict trade in order to allow countries to develop their own agricultural sectors.     

Environmental Stressors and Food Security in China

This article considers the immediate forces influencing China’s food system and food security. By immediate is meant events of the reform period, from the late 1970s to 2008. It begins by asking the question that has preoccupied specialists since the publication of Lester Brown’s Who Will Feed China? in 1995: How much arable land does China have? Is that land area sufficient to insure grain sufficiency? To insure food security? The article focuses on the human pressures on the food production environment, and then treats the effects of socioeconomic change: land, air, and water degradation. The core of the article examines six responses of the state to both perceived and actual environmental stressors: policy restricting arable land conversion, China’s one-child policy, investment in irrigation systems, the South–North Water Diversion Project, large-scale afforestation and reforestation campaigns, and the program to convert marginal agricultural lands to forests and grasslands.     

Managing Risk and Regulation in European Food Safety Governance

This article focuses on the state of European food safety governance and offers a view on possible future courses of regulatory policymaking. We begin by examining the deficiencies of the current multilevel governance system in European Union (EU) food safety policy, with an empirical focus on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. We then submit that a regulatory agency model (centralization) might perform better than multilevel governance or renationalization in terms of reducing business uncertainty, promoting food safety enhancing innovation, and improving consumer trust in the food supply. Hence it would make European food markets more resilient to recurrent food safety crises. We also argue that the EU's precautionary approach as applied to some areas of food safety risks is tied to legitimacy enhancing objectives of EU institutional actors. Assuming that supply‐side rents will change over time, we submit that emphasis of regulatory impact analysis (i.e., cost benefit considerations) is likely to increase.     

Is long-term food insecurity inevitable in Asia?

Abstract

This article questions two widely accepted claims on long-term food insecurity in Asia, the world's (heterogeneous) region with the largest number of undernourished individuals. The first claim is that food production may not grow as fast as the pace of population growth in Asia, which will reach 5 billion by 2050. The second claim is that an unstoppable emergence of a middle class in Asia will dramatically change the composition of food demand. On the first claim, the region's contribution to high and volatile international food prices is well known, but Asia's potentially positive contributions toward future price uncertainty and productivity growth are much less cited. On the second claim, the changing composition of future food demand in the region will depend on the extent that poverty reduction effectively leads to middle class expansion, which it is not an automatic process, and its extent still remains to be seen. Past evidence teaches us that poverty reduction on its own will not do the job of eradicating hunger, nor will only increasing food production. The jury is still out, but doomsday predictions are not necessarily justified.     

Emerging,and old,dilemmas for food security in Latin America

The present text offers a summary of some of the crucial food security problems in Latin American (LA) countries. This region, like many others in the globe, confronts such as food safety difficulties. The summary offers also an analysis of some technologically based solutions for LA food security issues. As a general call, the present review article calls for a collaborative and transdisciplinary approach to think deeper about how to solve food security problems, putting the focus on enabling technologies within a context of social, market, and global trends to achieve food and nutritional security. The review is positioned far from techno‐optimisms and, at the same time, away from purely economic‐based solutions. Conversely, this review embraces the whole complexity that brings economy‐nature‐technology triad. Embracing such complex relationships between technology, nature and the socio‐economy aspects of food security LA issues. Such complexity also triggers a need for a solution that considers a renewed approach to sustainability in the whole food value chain from production to consumption. Sustainability in the value chain opens up a much‐needed approach to LA food security that broadens, and refresh, our understanding of this fundamental socio‐economic and technical phenomena.     

Food in China's international relations

Abstract Food is a tireless referent in international relations studies about China and its ties with the rest of the world. This paper addresses two contemporary issues. First, why is China so sensitive about grain self-sufficiency? Second, why does there seem to be a lack of effective dialogue between epistemic communities in China and outside over China's overseas agricultural activities? The first part of the paper reviews the development of China's agricultural sector and underlines the importance of China's contribution in stabilizing the world food markets. Next, it explores the ideational sources of Chinese food insecurity, in spite of its success in attaining high levels of self-sufficiency in grain. The third part of the paper reviews the evolution of China's overseas agricultural activities and analyzes the factors that contribute to a mismatch of understanding about the political implications therein. The paper concludes by proposing a couple of conceptual road maps for securitizing food as a referent in debates about China's security environment and Chinese international relations.