国际法院在解决领土争端中的作用及困境评析

当今世界领土争端问题广泛存在,尤其以亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲、欧洲等居多.国际法作为调整国与国之间关系的法律,在解决领土争端领域正日益发挥着重要作用.作为国际法的主要司法机构--国际法院逐步受到国际社会的关注,以国际法院懈决的领土争端案为依据,比较国际法院与其他政治谈判手段在解决领土争端问题上的不同之处;总结国际法院在审案过程中运用的基本法律原则,受理领土争端案的主要特征;分析在现实世界中国际法院解决领土争端所遭遇的困境以及对我国的启示.     

The Drafting of ICJ Decisions: Some Personal Recollections and Observations

This paper is a study of the process of drafting of decisionsof the International Court of Justice from the standpoint ofthe Registry, showing on the basis of the author's personalrecollections how the Registry contributes to the process. Thequestion of the legal propriety of such contribution is examined,on the basis of a distinction between the task of decision,and that of expression of the decision. Some remarks are alsooffered on drafting techniques.     

工程款纠纷的是与非

案情简介:2000年,某市第二建筑工程公司承建该市某高校的教学楼,王甲与王乙分别与第二建筑工程公司签订了承包部分装饰工程模板工程的分包合同。经双方确认王甲的工程款为1028754.80元,王乙的工程款为836122.57元。至2003年,二建公司分别欠王甲60万元,王乙30元。王甲与王乙多次向二建公司催讨剩余工程款未果,二建公司的负责该学校教学楼的项目经理陈某授意王甲与王乙直接向高校申请偿付剩余工程款,并在其申请书上签字,同意高校直接付款给王甲与王乙。王甲与王乙(以下简称二王)于2005年5月将二建公司作为被告(以下简称被告),高校作为第三人(…     

Meta-Tag（元标识）引发的商标纠纷

商标是从事电子商务所不能忽视的一个因素,因为它有效地表明了商品和服务的来源。各国法律一般规定商标权人可以对商标进行续展注册,并进行长期的广告宣传,以此为商标建立良好的声誉,这使得商标成为企业核心资产的重要组成部分。在电子商务这一虚拟市场上,消费者很少或者根本没有机会在网上购物之前检验商     

农村纠纷的政府化解机制

在科学发展观指导下,建设指导型、服务型、责任型政府,是建构和谐农村的的重大问题.而分析行政权力的价值取向和运行规律,对完善以政府为轴心的纠纷化解机制举足轻重.为此,须采取原理阐释与实证分析相结合的方法,揭示基层政权在解决农村纠纷中的特殊功用,从而为农村纠纷的行政解决途径提供学理支撑.     

国际法院诉讼案件判决的执行问题探析

国际法院判决的执行问题并非只是一个执行或不执行的简单二分法问题,而是一个介于两者之间、包含一系列政治决策的复杂问题。一方面,根据《联合国宪章》和国家的实践,当事国有遵守国际法院判决的义务;另一方面,出于自身利益的考虑,当事国往往以各种理由阻止对自己不利的判决的实际生效。由于目前国际上缺乏一个有效的执行机制,这一矛盾没能得到完满的解决。因此,在分析当事国遵守国际法院判决义务的基础上,对国际法院诉讼案件判决的执行实践和执行方式进行深入探讨有重要意义。     

《国际法院规则》第79条、第80条修订评析

2 0 0 0年年底联合国国际法院通过的对《国际法院规则》第 79条、第 80条的修订 ,改进和发展了法院的初步反对程序和反诉程序。本文阐述了规则修订的法理根据和实际考虑 ,并结合国际法院在新的历史时期面临的机遇和挑战分析了规则修订的背景。本文还结合法院实践 ,比较新旧条款的规定 ,对相关的两个程序进行了法律解释 ,认为相关修订对于强化国际法院在诉讼活动中的主导地位、提高诉讼效率以及行使扩大法院管辖权有积极的促进作用。     

What the ICJ did not say about the Duty to Punish Genocide: The Missing Pieces in a Puzzle

The article focuses on the legal implications of the constructionof the International Court of Justice (ICJ or the Court) ofthe duty to punish genocide under Article VI of the Conventionon the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide inthe Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro judgment.It posits that the Court's discussion of the duty to punishis satisfying in terms of what it says and less satisfying interms of what it is silent about. It is satisfying in the sensethat the Court's construction of the duty to cooperate withinternational tribunals prosecuting genocide as including aduty of extradition, seems to extend beyond the plain languageof the Convention and indeed beyond the parties’ originalintent. It is not fully satisfying because the duty to prosecuteremains quite limited. It is further argued that the obligationto punish genocide as established in Article I and the obligationto prosecute genocide as established in Article VI should beunderstood as two distinct obligations. Article VI merely setsthe institutional arrangements for prosecution. Other normativesources support the conclusion that a general duty to prosecuteperpetrators of genocide or extradite them for prosecution elsewhereapplies even in those cases where the offence was not committedin the territory of a contracting state or when the offenderis prosecuted by an international court that has jurisdictionover the state where the alleged perpetrator is found.     

论民事和解协议的纠纷解决机制

和解协议属于典型的实体法与诉讼法交叉领域:一方面,和解协议本质上属于特殊的民事合同;另一方面,和解作为一种民事纠纷解决方式,必然要求确定其在诉讼法上的效力尤其是与诉讼的关系。就初始纠纷而言,和解协议与诉讼裁判之间相互排斥,从而实现了广义的一事不再理原则,但和解协议又非终局的纠纷解决方式,因此可能发生和解协议之诉。此外,出于效率等因素的考虑,诉讼法上又常常会对和解协议的效力作出一些特殊规定。这就要求必须从诉讼法的角度,对民事和解的纠纷解决机制进行详细阐述。     

论我国处理医疗事故的传统和特点

本文介绍了我国处理医疗事故的传统和特点,包括医疗事故的三种处理方式,即医患双方协商解决,由卫生行政部门调解解决及直接向法院提起诉讼:医疗事故的行政鉴定和法医鉴定;医疗事故责任原则。最后,对2002年新颁布的《医疗事故处理条例》的前景做了展望。     

The Legal Effects of Resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ

This article aims to extract from the jurisprudence of the InternationalCourt of Justice a basic theory of legal effects of unilateralinstruments of international organizations in public internationallaw. These effects can be divided into three categories. Thefirst is substantive effects. These include binding, authorizingand (dis)empowering effects. The second category is causativeeffects, whereby determinations of fact or of law bring substantiveeffects into existence. The third category is modal effects– how and when the substantive effects come into existence(e.g. immediate or deferred, retroactive or non-retroactive,reversible or irreversible effect). Each of these categoriesof legal effects behaves differently according to whether theeffects are intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic effects are basedon the special treaty powers of the United Nations SecurityCouncil and General Assembly. In this hypothesis, all threecategories of effects exist to the full extent that the explicitand implicit powers of the adopting body allow for them. Extrinsiceffects are directly based on general international law, inparticular on the rules of formation of customary internationallaw. Here, there are no causative effects. Substantive effectsdo not strictly speaking exist; only pre-substantive ones do.And modal effects are always immediate, non-retroactive andreversible.     

The Present and Future of The Investor-State Dispute Settlement Paradigm

While the World Trade Organization (WTO) system remains faithfulto the long-standing traditional paradigm of state-to-statedispute resolution, dispute resolution mechanisms in the areaof international investment are undergoing a radical change.Traditionally, the paradigm of ‘diplomatic protection’has served as a basis for the settlement of investment disputesamong states. In earlier commercial agreements, including theFriendship, Commerce, and Navigation Treaties (FCNs) concludedfrom 1940s to 1960s, the resolution of international investmentdisputes took the form of state-to-state dispute resolution.This paradigm shifted in the 1970s when direct investor claims,modelled on treaties that European countries had been puttingforward since 1959, were allowed under a series of bilateralinvestment treaties initiated by the United States. This shifthas been reflected in subsequent efforts to reach a multilateralagreement on investment (MAI) and in many free trade agreements(FTAs). Also, in the area of international human rights law,it is an increasing trend to allow an individual to have directrecourse to international human rights protection bodies, suchas the Human Rights Committee established under the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights, after the exhaustionof domestic remedies. The allowance of direct claims has helpedto make up for the typical shortcomings of the diplomatic protectionmechanism where, the espousing state has frequently exercisedexcessive discretion in deciding whether to advance claims dueto considerations of a political nature, unrelated to the particularcase, so that this mechanism can increase international friction.On the other hand, the strong point of diplomatic protectionhas been its capacity to screen out frivolous or dishonest claimsby individuals. The question whether various international disputesettlement mechanisms may eventually converge into an effectivesystem based on a direct claim procedure is a vexing one. Itis uncertain whether the model of investor-state dispute settlement(ISDS) can play a pioneering role in this ongoing process. Anypertinent answers to such questions require a thorough comparisonof the benefits and drawbacks of such a development. Lessonsfrom the experiences under the ISDS system and its modificationefforts should be fully taken into account so the newly emergingdispute resolution system will not lead to tension between nationsin an area where precedent is scant, but the need is great.     

The Lack of Dissent in WTO Dispute Settlement

This article analyses in detail the fact that there has beenalmost no dissent in World Trade Organization (WTO) disputesettlement reports. Only a handful of articles have noted thisphenomenon, even in passing. The article first examines theempirical data with respect to dissenting and concurring opinionsat both the panel and Appellate Body levels. Fewer than 5% ofpanel reports and 2% of Appellate Body reports contain separateopinions of any kind. Second, it shows that the WTO is in factactively discouraging dissents and discusses why this mightbe the case. The article argues that dissents are valuable ingeneral and assesses whether more dissents would be a positivefor the WTO. It then reviews the few dissents that have beenpublished and demonstrates that 50% of the arguments raisedin dissents at the panel level were adopted in whole or in parton appeal by the Appellate Body, thus illustrating dissentscan and do make a difference. The article concludes that keepingthe lid on dissents may ultimately erode the strength of thedispute settlement system and hinder the ability of the WTOMembers to make appropriate changes to the Agreements.     

论纠纷的可诉性

纠纷的可诉性是实现当事人的裁判请求权的逻辑前提 ,纠纷可诉性的广度反映了裁判请求权的实现程度。目前我国民事诉讼法理论和实务界关于纠纷可诉性的标准或依据及范围的理解限制了裁判请求权实现的空间范围。纠纷可诉性的标准应当为纠纷是平等主体之间的财产关系争议和人身关系争议 ,而并非限于民事法律关系争议。纠纷可诉性的范围包括民法所调整的民事法律关系发生的争议、应受民事法律保护的应有权利受到侵害引发的争议、宪法权利受到私法主体侵害所引发的争议。     

海南博彩业争议

博彩业其实已在中国很多地区忽明忽暗地开展着，却一直没有一个相对规范的法律来制约