Towards a Political Economy of Reform, Regulation and Corporate Crime

This paper focuses on the passage and enforcement of laws regulating the corporate sector, specifying patterns which seem to emerge from this literature in the major English speaking democracies.
The creation of regulatory laws, the typical resistance by the industry and the state, and the crucial role of crises in the successful passage of laws are examined first. The patterns which law enforcement follows, and the key role of the regulatory agency in shaping these, are delineated next. The theoretical implications of these empirically based generalizations are then set out.
The author argues that neither the pluralist nor the mainstream Marxist analyses adequately explain the very real progress that has occurred over the past 400 years in containing corporate crime, because it has happened largely in spite of rather than because of laws and regulatory activity. Real reform resulted because ongoing struggles forged a change at the ideological level, and this in turn led to improvements at the level of production. By raising the price of legitimacy for corporations in a particular nation-state, prolaterian groups and their allies can create the conditions for change. Law and regulatory agencies have been of secondary importance, it is argued, in the struggle to restrain the predatory behavior of the corporate sector.     

论"多因一果"的侵权行为——兼论多数人侵权行为体系之建构

"多因一果"的侵权行为包括《人身损害赔偿司法解释》第3条规定的"直接结合"与"间接结合"两种情形.对于"直接结合"的侵权行为,《解释》的立场应予坚持.而对于"间接结合"的侵权行为,应由其行为与损害结果具有相当因果关系者单独承担责任,而非《解释》规定的按份责任.对于多数人侵权行为体系的建构,应考量行为、结果、主观与举证责任的负担等四个要素,不同要素的组合与运用深刻影响着共同侵权行为成立的正当性基础.     

Governing Climate Change: Towards a New Paradigm for Risk Regulation

This article argues that the ascent of climate change on the EU regulatory agenda signals a new era of risk regulation and calls for the establishment of a new paradigm for risk regulation. Climate change is altering the EU's conception of environmental risks and its design of regulatory responses. In contrast to conventional risk regulation, climate change regulation must prioritise the risks of business‐as‐usual over the risks of change, must target systemic change instead of stability, and must favour the virtues of integration and orchestration over those of individualisation and compartmentalisation. There is an important role for risk regulation scholarship to analyse this shift and its consequences for regulation, such as the relocation of legitimacy needs and the emergence of new risks of regulatory failure. Such an enterprise would both reinvigorate risk regulation scholarship and offer a vital contribution to the European Union as it tackles the momentous challenge of climate change governance.     

中国网络公共领域:功能、异化与规制

传统公共领域理论不适合描述以互联网为主要媒介的当代中国公共领域。网络公共领域的运作超出政治范畴,冲击着社会各领域的既有规则和秩序,承担着促进诸社会子系统自我反思的功能,全面推动了社会结构的转型升级。网络公共领域的异化并非源于外部权力干预,而是源于网络企业主导的架构设计,后者塑造了网络公众的行为模式。当前的网络规制聚焦行为而非架构,无视线上/线下空间的分化,面临合理性和合法性双重困境。应当探索公私合作的新型规制模式,避免侵犯公众在Web 2.0环境下得以实际行使的基本权利。     

“互联网+”与政府监管转型:机遇、挑战与对策

“互联网+”的兴起在暴露政府监管滞后的同时,也为我国政府监管转型提供了机遇和挑战.具体表现在监管理念的革新、监管目标的平衡、监管手段的协调、配套机制的完善等方面.面对此种机遇与挑战,为保障“互联网+”的有序推进,应全力推进政府监管转型.在监管理念上,实现由“监管”向“治理”转变;监管目标上,努力实现公共利益与私人利益的平衡;监管机构上,整合多重监管机构的职能;监管方式上,实现多重监管方式的协调;充分发挥信息公开和公众参与机制的作用,为政府监管转型创造良好环境.     

Modes of Political Representation: Toward a New Typology

The mandate‐independence controversy still features prominently in studies of political representation even though the problems with its theoretical foundation and empirical operationalization have long been recognized. This article proposes an alternative typology of modes of representation. By combining type of control (ex ante or ex post) with direction of the interactions (bottom‐up or top‐down), our study captures the most important aspects of the relationship between voters and representatives. We demonstrate how the typology can be used in a survey instrument by comparing the attitudes toward representation of Dutch members of Parliament with the attitudes held by voters, and by relating the views of the members to their behavior.     

从规制合规迈向合作规制:以食品安全规制为例

食品安全法制体系的建立健全使得食品安全法治的重点转向法律实施,如守法和执法。其中,食品安全法律要求的不断趋严,使得食品生产经营者日益重视有助于履行法定义务要求的规制合规,并出现了服从性合规、竞争性合规、外生性合规、内生性合规、象征性合规和创造性合规等不同选择。鉴于此,规制者以合规导向的执法替代威慑导向的执法,并由此促进了合作规制的发展。然而,如何回应不同的合规选择和促进规制者和被规制者之间的合作,依旧有赖于规制者构建风险交流、责任约谈、精准普法等促进彼此交流法律认知和分享信息的支持性制度和改进许可、标准等工具适用中的单向且刚性要求。     

迈向合作治理:通过法律规制平台经济的制度边界及优化

通过法律规制平台经济的过程,其实质是在治理平台经济发展带来的负面性问题。借助法律多元主义理论视角分析平台经济发展的制度供给,会发现国家法律与平台规则共同构成平台经济发展的制度约束与保障,同时也是平台治理的重要制度资源。任何一项制度资源的投入会随着制度实施的环境条件以及制度执行者的价值观念变化而产生制度成本与效益的边际效应,这就为国家法律与平台规则的功能范围设定了制度边界,因而需要优化配置制度资源的投入和组合。而国家法律和平台规则的互嵌性,以及国家法律与平台规则在服务于平台经济创新发展的目标耦合性,也就决定了国家法律和平台规则之间存在制度合作的空间。因此在平台经济治理中,通过审慎评估国家法律在平台经济领域的实施效果,有效吸纳平台规则的治理优势,优化政府监管执法资源投入,可以有效形成合作治理的平台经济秩序。     

兴利除弊：一人公司的法律规制

一人公司的出现历经全面禁止、个案承认和普遍认可的发展轨迹，一人公司的出现既是传统公司内部制度发展演变的必然结果,更是一人公司利益相关者就公司利弊长期博弈的产物，对此，应当兴利除弊，并采取多管齐下的措施进行法律规制。     

数据时代网络爬虫的内部管理型规制

网络爬虫作为数据时代一种被普遍应用的自动化数据收集技术,有着独特功能和价值。目前爬虫行为失范却对现有法律制度适用及网络空间秩序产生了严峻挑战,亟需在反思现有网络爬虫规范体系不足的基础上,引入内部管理型规制以回应网络爬虫规制的现实需求。基于网络爬虫的技术逻辑,内部管理型规制适用有行为限定、内容延展和效力涵摄面向,且功能多元。由于内部管理型规制兼有行政规制与自我规制的双重因素,因而可以上述两种规制方式为基点,对网络爬虫内部管理型规制进行横向和纵向的体系化构建。横向体系化构建应明确所涉主体形态、权义结构和责任内容;而纵向体系化构建应包括标准制定、组织建制、守法监督和执行反馈。     

网络爬虫技术使用过界的刑法规制

网络爬虫技术爬取的数据必须是数据提供者公开的信息。网络爬虫技术使用的合法性基础是数据提供者知情、同意,行为人未经授权,避开或突破系统保护措施使用网络爬虫技术非法获取普通用户计算机信息数据的,构成非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪。行为人销售捆绑的非法爬虫软件实际上仅是犯罪工具,销售获得的收入均应认定为违法所得,依法予以没收。     

Child Abuse in a Disciplinary Context: A Typology of Violent Family Environments

The objectives of this study were to identify and validate types of violent family environments based on child abuse in a disciplinary context. The study is original in that it simultaneously takes into account the cognitive and behavioral dimensions of the parental role as it relates to the degree of family violence in a child??s life. Cluster analyses were performed on a representative sample of 3,148 families. The Abusive profile applied to families who reported at least one severe assault on a child within the past year. This profile also had the highest levels of domestic violence, psychological aggression, and corporal punishment. The Harsh profile is nevertheless similar to the Abusive profile, despite the fact that these families reported no severe assault. The key difference is the lower score levels: the attributes are the same, but less intense. The Nonabusive profile accounted for the families with the lowest rates of domestic and parental violence, together with a negative attitude towards corporal punishment and a heightened awareness of the consequences of violence. Although the families who matched the Paradoxical profile reported very little violence, they are the least aware of the consequences of violence and the most in favor of corporal punishment. The four profiles were replicated with another cluster analysis performed on an independent representative sample of 2,465 families. Then the profiles were compared with regard to the variables used to create the clusters and other variables theoretically associated with the appearance of maltreatment. These validation methods enhance the credibility of the proposed typology.     

Legislation, Delegation and Implementation under the Treaty of Lisbon: Typology Meets Reality

Abstract:  The Treaty of Lisbon has introduced a complex new typology of acts, distinguishing between legislative, delegated and implementing acts. This reform, the first since the Treaty of Rome, will have an impact on some of the most contested topics of EU law, touching several central questions of a constitutional nature. This article critically analyses which potential effects and consequences the reform will have. It looks, inter alia, at the aspects of the shifting relation between EU institutions, the distribution of powers between the EU and its Member States, as well as the future of rule-making and implementation structures such as comitology and agencies.     

Towards a Modest Legal Moralism: Concept, Open Questions, and Potential Extension

The article introduces and critiques Antony Duff’s Modest Legal Moralism from a strictly analytical angle. It seeks to illuminate its core tenets and modestly addresses a number of aspects that deserve further elaboration from the author’s point of view. Notwithstanding these points of contention the main thrust of the article is the exploration of the constructive potential of Duff’s concept. It will be shown that its core elements are well-equipped to come to grips with the lacuna of theorization of supranational criminal justice systems and their criminalization processes.     

Towards a Contextual Definition of Rape: Consent,Coercion and Constructive Force

This paper considers ‘consent-based’ and ‘coercion-based’ models of defining rape. It argues that the ability of these models to adequately protect against violations of sexual autonomy is dependent on their engagement with the broader circumstances within which sexual choices are made. Following an analysis of both models it is argued that attempts to contextualise consent and coercion are often undermined by evaluative framings that encourage scrutiny of the complainant's actions at the expense of engagement with the broader circumstances. This is particularly problematic where rape occurs as a result of non-violent coercion and the victim does not verbally or physically demonstrate their lack of consent. The paper draws on United States military law and argues that the doctrine of constructive force, which has been used to deal with non-violent coercion in these contexts, has the potential to progressively reshape our contextual and evaluative framings in domestic contexts.