Griffith and the Narrative Pattern of the American Civil－War Movies

From the perspective of the movie history of the centennial American Civil War, this paper expounds the collective memory and the historical reconstruction of the Civil War and post－war reconstruction of the American nation, especially the southern states, where the “Southern Myth” was born. It focuses on the analysis of the direct impact of this myth on Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, exposes the basic pattern of the theme, and demonstrates the far－reaching influence on the following Civil－War movies within the century; henceforth it provides a cultural historical analytical framework for the future study of the American centennial Civil－War movies.     

Beyond government? The appeal of public‐private partnerships

Abstract: For the most part, the considerable literature devoted to new public management and its subset, alternative service delivery, is enthusiastic about this dramatic shift in the role of government. The metaphor of governments steering and the private sector rowing is an appealing one that has captured the imagination of many public officials and private‐sector actors. Literature addressing this phenomenon tends to focus on defining the characteristics of various forms of government/private‐sector partnerships rather than on assessing the implications and results of actual examples. This paper attempts to complement the existing literature by examining six cases of public‐private partnerships, of both high and low profile ‐ the Confederation Bridge; the Charleswood Bridge; canarie ; rcmp /Disney; Highway 407; and Chrysler/University of Windsor. The higher profile (and more costly) ventures have placed heavy emphasis on confidentiality, which raises concerns about traditional public‐sector values such as accountability, democracy and neutrality. The conclusions of the article are mixed, but at the very least, they suggest the need for caution, vigilance and scepticism. Sommaire: Pour la plupart, c'est avec beaucoup d'enthousiasme que les nombreaux auteurs d'ouvrages sur la Nouvelle gestion publique et sur son sous‐élément, la Prestation de services de rechange, envisagent cette modification fondamentale du rôle des gouvernements. Le gouvernement au gouvernail et le secteur privé aux avirons, voilà une métaphore qui a fait de nombreux adeptes parmi les hauts fonctionnaires comme chez les intervenants du secteur privé. Plutôt que d'évaluer les répercussions et les résultats d'exemples réels, les ouvrages sur ce sujet ont tendance à focaliser sur la définition des caractéristiques de divers types de partenariats entre le gouvernement et le secteur privé. Dans cet article, nous visons à complémenter ces ouvrages en analysant six partenariats public‐privé entrepris par divers paliers de gouvernement au cours des années 1990. La gamme des cas choisis est assez hétéroclite, certains étant très connus, d'autres moins: les ponts Confédération et Charleswood, CANARIE, GRC/Disney, l'Autoroute 407 et Chrysler/Université de Windsor. Les projets plus connus (et plus coûteux) ont fortement souligné leur caractère confidentiel, ce qui a mis en cause les valeurs traditionnelles du secteur public, telles l'imputabilité, la démocratic et la neutralité. Selon les conclusions de l'article, qui sont variées, il conviendrait pour le moins de procéder avec prudence, vigilance et scepticisme.     

A marketing board to regulate exports of natural gas?1

Abstract. The National Energy Board applies three guidelines in regulating natural gas export prices: (1) that the export price should cover all costs of service; (2) that it be fair in relation to comparable domestic prices; (3) that it not be materially less than the prices of alternative sources of energy in the relevant foreign markets. This paper shows that the NEB has been, and can expect to be, reasonably successful in ensuring that the first two guidelines are met, but that difficulties arise with respect to the third. These include: the problems of finding out the opportunity cost in export markets, United Sates Federal Power Commission resistance to high import prices, depressed Canadian field prices, and a preference by foreign-owned gas pipeline companies for exporting at low prices. It is argued that even if the third define were met some of the benefits would still flow abroad because much or the Canadian gas industry is foreign owned. The suggestion is -made that the establishment of a government-owned marketing board given sole rights to make exports of natural gas would enable Canada to retain an increased share of the benefits of natural gas exports. Sommaire. L'Office national de l'énergie applique trois principes pour normaliser les prix du gaz naturel à l'exportation: (1) le prix à l'exportation doit couvrir tous les coûts du service; (2) il doit être équitable par rapport aux prix domestiques; (3) il ne doit pas être inférieur au prix des autres sources d'énergie utilisables sur les marchés étrangers intéressés. D'après l'auteur, le CNE a réussi dans une mesure raisonnable à appliquer les deux premiers principes et continuera vraisemblablement à le faire. C'est dans l'application du troisième principe qu'il a rencontré des difficultés. Elles ont été entre autres: les problèmes de découvrir ce que devrait être le juste prix sur les marchés d'exportation, la réistance de la Federal Power Commission des Etats-Unis à des prix d'importation élevés, les bas prix sur place, au Canada, et la tendance des compagnies de pipe-lines d'appartenance étrangère à vendre à bas prix. L'auteur déclare que même si le troisième principe pouvait être appliquê, certains des bénéfices continueraient à passer à l'étranger parce qu'une grande partie de l'industrie canadienne du gaz est entre des mains étrangkres. Il suggère que le gouvernement établisse un conseil gouvememental de mise en marché qui aurait les droits exclusifs d'exportation du gaz naturel. De cette façon, le Canada jouirait dhne participation croissante aux bénéfices des exportations de gaz naturel.     

How do municipal mayors and councillors communicate with other levels of government? Evidence from a multi-level survey of Canadian elected officials

While past research suggests that informal processes of dialogue play an important role in municipal intergovernmental relations in Canada, we currently know very little about their character and frequency. Who do local elected officials communicate with, and through which channels? And which municipal voices carry the most weight in these conversations? This article answers these questions from the perspective of elected politicians themselves, using a pan-Canadian survey of municipal, provincial, and federal elected representatives. Our findings confirm that municipal intergovernmental relations depend heavily on informal institutions and personal relationships and highlight the key role of municipal mayors as spokespersons and advocates for municipalities in Canadian federalism.     

理念?观点?信息

<正>新型员工关系下如何帮助员工减压?富二代、贫二代、啃老族、80后、90后……诸如这样的一些词汇,慢慢进入企业管理人员的视野,而且逐步体现在日常的工作管理,尤其是员工关系管理过程中。今天的雇员,已经因过低且上涨缓慢的薪酬而士气低落,员工对超时工作感到疲累,对期望与现实差距过大而产生强烈的失落和无力感。在实施压力管理计划之前,     

Review of the Two-Order Construct of Public Service Motivation: Reflective or Formative?——Evidence Based on Data from Five Cities in Eastern and Central China

A construct is a phenomenon of theoretical interest, and is divided into reflective construct and formative construct. Public service motivation is a constructive or reflective construct, and there is some consensus among the academic circles that the first order of public service motivation is reflective.But there is a debate about the nature of the two order construction. It is found that the predictive ability and the degree of fit of the "first order reflective and second order reflective" conception of public service motivation in structural equation model are higher than the "first order reflective and second order formative".The direction of the relationship between public service motivation and its first-order potential variables in the context of grassroots public administration in China is from public service motivation to first-order potential variables, and public service motivation should be defined as a "first-order reflective second-order reflective" construct. In the future, researchers in public administration should carefully consider the nature of the constructs of public management and the effect of the nature of the constructs on the model.     

亚太大国关系的历史变迁:单极?两极?还是多极?

亚太大国关系经历了四个阶段变迁。第一阶段是19世纪中叶以前,中国是亚太惟一“超级大国”,在亚太居于支配地位。第二阶段从19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶,亚太形成发育不完善的多极结构,这一时期是亚太最动荡的时期。从1945年到冷战结束,亚太大国关系进入第三阶段,其特征是两极结构。以冷战结束为契机,亚太大国关系结构进入第四阶段。第四阶段,亚太大国关系既不是单极结构或“新两极”对峙,也不是完整意义上的多极结构,而是一种单极、两极、多极结构的混合体。其中美国拥有全面优势,中美关系是亚太支配性的战略关系,但日、印、俄、东盟等力量也将起重要的平衡作用。     

什么是最惠国待遇?什么是国民待遇?

非歧视贸易是世贸组织的一个基本原则,它要求某一缔约国在实施某种优惠或限制措施时,不得对其他缔约国实行歧视待遇,即不能对其贸易伙伴采用不同的政策,因此,非歧视贸易就是一种无差别待遇的贸易。在世贸组织中,非歧视贸易的内容要求等,是由最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则体现出来的。 最惠国待遇是世贸组织的基本原则之一。其含义是:一成员对于原产于或运往其他成员的产品所给予     

法治:什么是法?治什么?

依法治国作为治国方略,它是我国在近半个世纪的发展改革探索中所选择的一种具有中国特色社会主义的治国方法。法治的提出和确认,意味着社会主义法制质量、法的权威、法制体系及法制运行机制的革新和向更高层级的升华。其价值前提是对基本人权特别是对公民基本权利的尊重和解放。在价值取向上是要构筑一种充分体现民意、维护民权、保护民利的"三民主义"的民主制度和法制体系。在价值目标实践中实现法律制度的生活化、动态化运行机制。一、法治是体现民意、维护民权、保护民利的制度化、法律化。江泽民提出："发展民主必须同健全法制相结合…     

何处娱乐?

新华社消息:“四川文化市场的一项调查表明,普通消费者无处娱乐,而高档娱乐场所却无人问津。” 如果真是这样——低档娱乐场所又没有,高档娱乐场所又消费不起,那么,我们中国的普通消费者到何处去娱乐,这的确是一个问题。     

公正吗?

“应依罪量刑。” 全国性和地方性报纸经常刊登一些精心选择的案件报道。这些案件的共同特点是:对犯罪者的惩处通常与其所犯罪行不符。我们很容易读到一段关于刑事案件的描写,并为法官的裁决而感到愤愤不平。但是,我们必须记住,这短短的一段文字却概述了一个复杂的案子——它可能花费法官们数小时、几天甚至几个星期的时间。法官们对案情的了解比我们这些漫不经心的读者要详尽得多。然而就同一个案子来说,不同法庭的裁决结果也许会千差万别。正如每一个足球迷所知道的,裁判也会出差错,并且更易被误解,特别是判决结果对本队不利的时候。     

魅力从何而来?

每一个爱美的女性都希望自己更加美丽,更具吸引人的魅力.魁力不同于美貌,它不是天生的,它是人们在先天素质的基础上,通过对美的认识和理解,通过文明的熏陶和修养,通过对美容、美衣、美食、美肤的健康手段,从而达到的不能一言概之,成于中而形于外的美的极致,是后天的培养使然.美的组成有多种因素,魅力亦如此.而如何能从不美变为美,从没有魅力变为具有魅力,大致需要个     

盗窃?诈骗?不当得利?──对徐××行为性质的分析

案情简介：1989年4月16日中午，何××（另案处理，已判刑）乘江门市共制衣有限公司办公室无人之机，在出纳员办公桌的抽屉里盗窃了印鉴齐全的空白委托付款凭证（以下简称凭证）一份。5月初，何将该凭证交给赖××（另案处理，已判刑人何、赖一起找到徐××（何、赖是朋友；徐、赖是同学；徐、何不相识），说他们拾得一份凭证，问徐能否使用该凭证提货，徐答复说试试看。5月8日下午，徐租车到江门市某贸易公司，用那份凭证提取日本产09CC一匹马力三菱牌分体式空调机三台，共计价值27，150元。徐将三台空调机转交赖，赖销赃得款24，00O元，…     

什么是非关税壁垒?最主要的有哪几种?它有什么作用和特点?

所谓非关税壁垒,,又称非关税贸易壁垒。指发达国家除关税以外的各种限制商品进口的措施。非关税壁垒是一些发达国家限制商品进口和争夺市场的重要手段,这些国家经常利用非关税壁垒措施来对发展中国家实行贸易歧视。     

12.什么是最惠国待遇?什么是国民待遇?

非歧视贸易是世贸组织的一个基本原则,它要求某一缔约国在实施某种优惠或限制措施时,不得对其他缔约国实行歧视待遇,即不能对其贸易伙伴采用不同的政策,因此,非歧视贸易就是一种无差别待遇的贸易.在世贸组织中,非歧视贸易的内容要求等,是由最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则体现出来的.     

Social Mechanism of Urban Grassroots Governance——a Case Study of the "Socialization Service of Grid Management" of Z Street in Shenzhen

Recently, grid-based management has drawn increasing attention as an important practical form of grass-roots social governance. Throughout the practical exploration and its research status in recent years, it is not difficult to find that grid management in the bureaucratic system operation. It is essentially still a kind of governance technology, which stems from the grid management inherently following the administrative-based logic. In recent years, the grid practice of Z Street in Shenzhen reflects a new shift of governance paradigm. Under the guidance of the core of Party building, it has undergone a socialized logical evolution from the management orientation to the grassroots governance. The latter emphasizes more on focusing on new social needs, social services and social governance logic in grassroots governance. This is consistent with the major concepts of "major changes in society" and "increasing socialization of social governance", which promulgated by the 19th National Congress. This kind of "socialization of grassroots governance" logic has become the core mechanism of grid management in grassroots governance practice. It constantly reconstructs the deep interaction between the local state and grass-roots society in the community, and promotes the deep integration of the state and society.     

孩子们需要什么?

少年儿童的教育问题越来越多地受到社会、学校、家庭的重视,这是有目共睹的。然而,在这种普遍重视的背后,受教育者——孩子们,却有种种苦不堪言的困惑:沉重的书包,关在家中的大星期天,狭窄的生活空间,上不完的补习课,读不完的参考书……难道孩子们必须用他们稚嫩的肩膀扛起这一切吗?教育者们在施教的时候有没有认真地想一想:孩子们到底需要些什么? 前不久在山东省第三次少代会上,组织者为小代表们举办了一个“跨世纪小主人论坛”,让孩子们畅所欲言,倾诉他们的心声心愿。组织者的本意,是请孩子们畅谈做为“跨世纪的小主人”,他们怎样担负起这一     

怎样看电视?

怎样看电视?这看上去是一个奇怪的问题.在上世纪60年代美国、英国等地方,电视刚刚进人家庭的时候,“电视到底是塑造文化还是仅仅反映文化“这个问题曾经引起广泛的争论,但是随着电视逐渐成为日常生活的一部分,这个问题渐渐被遗忘.我们不再谈论作为媒介的电视本身,我们只谈论电视中的节目,偶像歌星、欢乐情景剧、商业大片、综艺娱乐……电视就像我们的眼睛、耳朵,如果问“我们怎样使用眼睛看事物?怎样用耳朵听声音?“多数人都一定会感到奇怪.……     

哲学是什么?

就哲学是在有无之间的摆渡而言,哲学是科学,因为它涉及“有”,同时哲学又不仅仅是科学,因为它还关乎“无”；就哲学是追寻本原的一种努力而言,哲学既是一种返回自身的返乡之旅,也是一种成就自身的未来之旅,因此,哲学在根本上乃是一种为己之学与成己之学；就我们只有回到本原才能回到自由身而言,哲学是还给我们自由的一种解放事业；而就真正的自身乃是自由身来说,哲学的使命就在于成就自由与守护自由.