心脏传导系统的增龄性变化

心脏传导系统（CCS）包括窦房结（SAN）、房室结（AVN）、房室束（又称希氏束，HB）、左右束支（LBB，RBB）及其终末纤维网，其功能是把心脏搏动的冲动传导到整个心脏，以协调心脏的节律性收缩．近年来，CCS病变与猝死的关系引起重视，已有研究表明，一些猝死与CCS的病变有关。但在实际应用中，必须将CCS增龄变化同其病变区分开来，以免误将其正常增龄变化视为病变，导致错误的结论．1SAN的年龄变化在光镜水平，Lev[1]首先对53例4个月胎儿至90岁老人的SAN进行了分年龄组观察；Davies[2]对50岁以下和75岁以上两组各50例的SAN…     

886例人心传导系统形态变异研究

探讨划分心传导系统 (CCS)变异与发育异常的界限。用本组建立的CCS检查法[1] ,连续切片 ,HE或Masson三色染色 ,光镜检查 ,对非心源性死亡组 (737例 )和心源性猝死组 (14 9例 )进行形态学及死因对比分析。结果显示 :(1)人CCS具有大小、位置和形态的先天性变异 ;(2 ) 4例心源性猝死者的房室结、房室束发育异常。房室束分叉部向室间隔膜部内移位、偏向于室间隔左侧、向左下侧移位 ,以及不足 1/2房室结移位至中心纤维体内、普通心肌移位至房室束或左束支内等应属变异 ;成年人胎儿型房室结及房室结全部移位至中心纤维体内或房室束完全分成 3束以上 ,房室束分叉部移位至三尖瓣根部应视为发育异常     

一种简便的心脏传导系统检查法

<正> 心脏传导系统包括窦房结、房室结、房室束(His 束)、左右束支及其末稍等部分。其中窦房结和房室结是起搏的主要成分。猝死常与窦房结、房室结、房室束和束支结构异常或病变有关,尤以窦房结和房室结更为重要。半个世纪以来,国内外检查心传导系统的传统方法,主要是与其长轴方向垂直切取若干块组织,作连续切片,每例需检查数百甚至     

房室传导系统发育异常猝死的病理学研究

本文报告了三名男性青年人房室结和／或房室束、束支发育异常，在情绪激动和／或用力情况下突然无声息倒地死亡。经病理组织学研究，发现有胎儿型房室结、心传导系统附加束存在和房室结畸形等发育异常改变。本文对其病理组织学特征、猝死机理和诱因进行了讨论。     

心脏传导系统的研究进展

心传导系统（CardiacConductingSystem，简称CCS）是由窦房结（Sino－atrialnede．SAN）、房室结（Atri。entricularnede，AVN）、房室束（Hisbundle，BB）、左右束支（RightandLeftbun－dlebranches，RBBand．l，BB）及其末梢等部分构成。其功能是产生并传导冲动，维持心脏收缩的正常节律，使心房肌和心室肌的收缩互相协调“’。80多年来，对CCS基础研究及其临床应用已取得一定进展，但由于其检查方法工作量巨大，难以普遍使用，故应用CCS病理形态学的知识来解决死因问题的报道不多。作者通过复习文献，对CCS取材方法，及其…     

儿童脂肪心伴房室结出血猝死1例

脂肪心可引起猝死，但多见于成人，儿童少见，笔者就鉴定过程中遇到1例儿童脂肪心伴房室结出血猝死，报告如下：     

正常人心脏传导系统神经组织的免疫组化研究

作者应用抗Ｓ１００抗体，对１０例正常心脏传导系统的神经进行了免疫组化研究。结果显示：Ｓ１００阳性的神经组织在心脏传导系统内广泛分布，其含量以窦房结最多，房室结次之，希氏束和束支最少。该研究获得了正常人心脏传导系统神经组织分布的概貌，为进一步研究心脏传导系统神经组织病变与猝死的关系打下了基础。     

房室结纤维和脂肪增多与房室结动脉狭窄的关系

目的探讨房室结纤维、脂肪含量与房室结动脉狭窄之间的关系,分析房室结内病理性纤维化和病理性脂肪浸润的原因。方法选取119例心源性猝死案例,用Image-pro plus图像分析软件检测组织切片,计算房室结面积,房室结动脉内径、房室结动脉管腔面积(lumen area,LA)、外周横截面积(perimeterarea,PA),纤维组织面积和脂肪组织面积。将所有案例分为动脉狭窄组和正常对照组组,观察房室结动脉PA/LA值及房室结纤维及脂肪含量的改变。结果狭窄组房室结动脉PA/LA值在21～40岁最大,40岁以下两组房室结脂肪含量和总间质含量差异有统计学意义。结论房室结动脉狭窄与房室结间质含量增多有一定关系。     

心脏神经病

目的 研究心源性猝死的病理形态学。方法 用本组建立的CCS检查法对179例心源性猝死者作常规CCS组织学检查。结果 发现8例心脏神经或神经节内有出血、炎症或肿瘤浸润,伴神经组织水肿、变性、坏死,而其他病变不足以解释猝死。结论 一切原发或继发性心脏神经病均可致猝死。     

心脏传导系统变异及发育异常(讲座2)

心脏传导系统变异与发育异常是完全不同的两个概念 ,前者是属个体间的形态差异系生理性变化 ,后者是属病理性畸形 ,划清这两种界线对一个基层法医工作者有着重要的实用意义。1　CCS的变异CCS与人体其它系统、器官一样 ,亦具有某些形态变异 ,这些变异并不影响CCS的正常功能。根据产生变异的机理可分两种 :( 1)个体发育差异 :变异 (Variation)是指正常心脏的CCS位置或形态学的个体差异。表现为过大、过小 (正常中国人窦房结 10～ 15mm× 3～ 5mm× 1～ 2mm、房室结 8mm×4mm× 1mm、房室束 1mm× 1mm× 2 0mm )、变形 (如房室结变成薄片…     

32例无心外原因猝死者传导系统病理学观察

在对32例无心外原因猝死者传导系统(CCS)组织学观察中,发现31例 CCS 有异常和病变,其中11例可致猝死。这些病变包括有急性炎症、出血、脂肪浸润和结内外神经病变,且与猝死有关。     

Histopathological findings of cardiac conduction system of 150 Finns

One hundred and fifty heart specimens were collected from the cases submitted for autopsy in the Department of Forensic Medicine in the University of Turku in March-May 1995 and May-July 1996, respectively. The cardiac conduction system (CCS) of these hearts were examined in order to find out the histopathological changes in the CCS of Finnish persons and their forensic pathological significance. There were 94 males and 56 females. Almost all age groups were included. The results revealed that in most of the persons the fibrous tissue and fatty tissue in the CCS increased with aging. In about half of the persons, there was deposition of calcium in the central fibrous body, pars membranacea, and the top of the musculature in the interventricular septum. In seven cases, the atrioventricular node (AVN), His bundle (HB) or bundle branches (RBB, LBB) were compressed by the calcium deposition. Hemorrhage, inflammation, amyloidosis, tumor, fatty infiltration and developmental malformations were observed in 31 cases. Twenty-eight cases died of myocardial infarct, among them, no involvement of the CCS could be observed. The authors concluded that routine examination of the CCS is helpful for revealing diseases of the CCS and improving the quality of forensic pathological diagnosis.     

心肌炎侵及心传导系统病理学观察

本研究采用已建立的人体心脏传导系统简易取材法,对6例心肌炎的案例进行了传导组织的病理学观察,结果发现6例心肌炎患者CCS均有明显炎症,尤以SAN、AVN病变为主;推测CCS炎症可能为心肌炎患者猝死的主要原因。因此,本文提出对怀疑心性猝死案例应作常规传导系统检查。     

Mahaim纤维致猝死5例

寻找心源性猝死者的病理形态学诊断依据。采用本组建立的心传导系统检查法 ,对 16 5例无心外器官疾病猝死者的心脏 ,作心传导系统的组织学检查。发现 5例存在心传导系统Mahaim纤维 ,全部均为束室束型。本组Ma haim纤维的形态学与房室束 (HB)或左束支 (LBB)相似 ,胞体横径在 10～ 35 μm左右 ,胞浆丰富 ,色淡红染 ;来自HB的纤维胞体呈细条状 ,核居中 ;来源于LBB的则按其始发点不同自上而下逐渐变大 ,纵切细胞未见分叉 ,但部分细胞周围见有一薄层结缔组织包围。分析结果表明 ,Mahaim纤维是可致猝死的房室传导旁路。     

Diagnostic value of post-mortem examination of the cardiac conduction system

Introduction (Aim)

Sudden unexplained death (SUD) is a common problem in forensic pathology. In many of these cases, the autopsy findings, toxicological examinations and patient history are inconclusive. Many studies suggest that in such cases, the cardiac conduction system (CCS) should be histologically examined. We decided to determine the diagnostic value of histological examination of the CCS.

Methods

We reviewed autopsy files from the period 2005–2007 and selected those cases in which the CCS had been sampled. These were divided into two groups, the first comprising cases with an obvious cardiac pathology (e.g. severe coronary disease, myocardial infarction, significant myocardial hypertrophy/dilatation, valvular disease, etc.) and the second comprising cases without obvious cardiac pathology (i.e. fatal injuries, intoxications and deaths unexplainable by routine procedures). The CCS was sampled according to a detailed protocol and examined under a light microscope. On the basis of the findings of histological examination of CCS, we formed subgroups of the aforementioned main groups.

Results

We analyzed 118 cases, of which 83 were males and 35 females. In 57% of cases, autopsy revealed gross pathological abnormalities of the heart. In 10 (15%) of them, examination of the CCS showed significant pathological changes (narrowing of the nodal artery and its branches, moderate to severe interstitial fibrosis, calcifications in the central fibrous body impinging upon CCS). In some, especially those with no acute findings, CCS disease can be considered to have been the cause of fatal arrhythmias. In 43% of cases, autopsy revealed no gross abnormalities of the heart, while histological examination of the CCS disclosed significant pathological changes in 4 (8%). Among them, CCS disease was regarded as the cause of death in one case and as a possible cause in another case.

Conclusion

As with other similar studies, our study showed that examination of the CCS can provide valuable information on the cause of death. We therefore consider that examination of the CCS should be performed in all SUD cases, especially those in which the cause of death cannot be established by routine procedures. Although we had only 1 confirmed cause of death linked to CCS disease and one possible, we had 14 cases with significant pathological CCS changes. This leads us to the conclusion that post-mortem examination of the CCS is of diagnostic value.     

心肌及传导组织内3种蛋白的变化与SMDS的相关性

目的 观察心肌及传导组织内肌动蛋白、血浆白蛋白及纤维连接蛋白的染色变化，探讨青壮年猝死综合征(SMDS)死后诊断的新方法。方法 应用免疫组化S-P法，对SMDS及冠心病猝死者心肌及传导系统内肌动蛋白、血浆白蛋白和纤维连接蛋白的进行染色观察。结果 22例SMDS例猝死者心肌及传导系统内的肌动蛋白缺染17例；血浆白蛋白染色阳性18例；纤维连接蛋白染色阳性15例。并发现在SMDS中，8例有CCS严重病变。结论 心肌及传导系统内血浆蛋白、肌动蛋白改变与SMDS密切相关，部分SMDS病例死前存在早期心肌缺血或梗死的改变。     

Sudden death resulting from lesions of the cardiac conduction system

Sudden unexpected deaths in young persons with noncontributory histories, autopsy results, and drug screen results are a common problem in forensic pathology. As part of the evaluation of such cases, the cardiac conduction system (CCS) should be studied. To determine the type and incidence of lethal CCS lesions, the authors reviewed their files of sudden unexpected cardiac deaths with particular attention to cases with causes of death in the conduction system. Cases of sudden cardiac death in patients aged < or=40 years during a 10-year period (Michigan) and a 4 year-period (Spain) were selected from the files. From this group, cases were identified in which the cause of death was a lethal change in the CCS. The portions of the heart containing the CCS were excised, and at least one hematoxylin and eosin slide and at least one trichrome or elastic trichrome slide per block were studied. In the two centers, 381 cases of sudden cardiac death were identified. The most common causes of sudden cardiac death were arteriosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries, cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis. In 82 cases, there was no identifiable cause of death even after complete gross and microscopic autopsy was performed, a medical history was obtained, and a drug screen was performed. In 11 cases, the CCS contained lesions that were considered lethal: narrowing of the atrioventricular node artery by fibromuscular hyperplasia (7 cases) and atrioventricular node tumors (4 cases). The 11 cases accounted for 2.9% of the 381 cases of sudden cardiac death and 11.8% of the indeterminable cases. It was concluded that examination of the CCS in deaths in which the gross and microscopic autopsy, history, and drug screen fail to provide a cause of death can yield a cause of death in a significant percentage of cases. If heart block was not documented during life and no explanatory lesions were found during routine cardiac examination, examination of the CCS can yield valuable information.     

Evaluation of a simplified method of the conduction system analysis in 110 forensic cases

A simplified method of the His bundle analysis is evaluated by the study of 110 forensic cases. The atrioventricular node or its part were observed in 96 cases (87.3%), penetrating bundle in 92 cases (83.6%), branching and left bundles branch in 109 cases (99.1%) and right bundle branch in 73 cases (66.4%). The changes such as fibrosis and fatty infiltration show statistically significant differences (P<0.01) between progressive age groups confirming their degenerative and age-related nature. The study included as well nine cases of sudden unexpected death and two cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), for which the autopsy with histological examination and toxicological analysis resulted negative. For nine of these cases, pathological lesions were found which can even explain the fatal issue. Moreover, in the cases with known cause of death, potentially lethal changes were noticed. This simple, low cost technique could be proposed to forensic pathologists as easy to fit into the routine processing of autopsy material, allowing the detection of major abnormalities with minimal effort. The authors also consider the difficulties related to the interpretation of the pathological findings in the conduction system.     

青壮年猝死综合征心传导系统及心肌HHF35免疫组化研究

为了探讨青壮年猝死综合征（SMDS）的死亡原因与心性猝死之间的关系，作者对SMDS、冠心病、非心血管疾病死亡（正常对照）三组共23例心脏标本进行H．E和HHF35免疫组化观察．结果：9例SMDS中，8例心传导系统及心肌细胞出现小灶性HHF35阴性缺染区，而H．E染色未发现明显梗死灶；冠心病组7例均出现不同程度的心肌细胞缺染，呈广泛大面积分布；对照组心肌细胞、心传导系统及血管壁里均匀一致的阳性染色．表明部分SMDS死前已有早期心肌缺血或梗死等病变，其死亡原因应为急性心功能不全而致猝死．