中国乡村治理规则的现代性构建

当代中国乡村治理结构嬗变是内生秩序和外在力量共同作用的结果。国家政权微观介入和市场机制深度嵌入在不断解构中国乡村传统治理机制的同时,也在艰难地重构着支撑乡村治理体系和治理能力现代化的社会共识和规则体系。以自治、法治、德治为内容的"三治融合"是中国乡村治理规则的现代性实践,其目的是协调村民自治规则、国家法理规则与传统礼治规则之间的不统一甚或冲突状态。乡村治理规则的现代性构建,必须尊重农民的主体性地位,拓展乡村规则实践的公共领域。在此基础上,有赖于以制度化和法治化的方式,促成国家政权介入与乡村内生治理秩序间的均衡状态,进而促进乡村治理能力现代化。     

新时代乡村治理体系及其健全路径

新中国成立以来,我们党始终高度重视农业和农村问题,不断推进乡村治理。党的十九大明确提出健全自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系。健全和创新"三治结合"的乡村治理体系,全面推进乡村治理体系和治理能力的现代化,全面实现乡村社会善治,需要充分认识"三治结合"乡村治理体系的深刻内涵,直面当前乡村社会治理现实,多角度探寻乡村治理体系建构的实践路径,确保乡村社会充满活力、和谐有序,最终实现乡村社会全面振兴。     

乡村德治重构与归位：历史之根和现代之源的成功链接

把德治融入乡村治理体系,发挥德治在乡村治理中的重要作用,是实现乡村振兴的关键。德治在乡村治理体系中的价值主要体现在:增加村民自治有效性和弥补法治效力不足两个方面。随着市场化、工业化和城镇化的发展,传统伦理道德规范的作用空间被严重挤压,逐渐丧失了维系乡村和谐与稳定的重要内在价值,即内在的凝聚力和向心力不断式微。乡村社会新型治理网络的构建,市场经济带来的自由价值以及乡村传统道德文化的式微等改变了乡村德治重构与归位的现实基础。在这样一个背景下,寻求乡村德治中的传统有效资源和现代价值观念的成功链接,是实现德治在乡村治理体系中重构与归位的现实路径选择。     

我国乡村治理中乡规民约的再造与重建

乡村治理既是国家治理体系的主要组成部分,也是实现乡村振兴战略的重要基石。乡规民约在乡村传统再造和现代"自治、法治、德治"融合治理过程中,对新乡土社会秩序的构建,发挥了应有的作用。随着城乡融合,基于乡土之上的乡规民约在社会变迁中渐渐失去主导性地位,其生存空间被挤压,内容也较为笼统,亟须对国家管理与基层自治之间的矛盾、村庄共同体的衰落、公共物品匮乏所引发的乡规民约权威性丧失等问题,在理论层面上及时做出回应。因此,强调国家政权适度介入,重建村落新型共同体,调适乡规民约的内容和程序,增强乡村精英服务和村民的有效参与,是推进乡村治理体系、治理能力现代化的行动逻辑和路径选择。     

乡村治理现代化的法治路径及其优化

法治化是实现乡村治理现代化和乡村振兴的必由之路。尽管全面依法治国所强调的"法"是以国家制定法(硬法)为核心的法律规范体系,但乡村社会自身孕育了大量的自治性软法规范,在因地制宜的治理中扮演着极其重要的角色。法律多元视角下,乡村社会欲实现"自治、法治、德治"相结合的现代治理新格局,"软法性规范+硬法性规范"的合作共治路径在当下无疑是较优选项。软硬法合作共治能够实现制度互补,在发挥各自治理优势的同时弥补对方功能局限,有效协调多元共治中主体间的利益冲突。同时,合作共治在乡村治理中也具有较强的理论、政策、制度和实践基础,但当下合作共治的法治路径并非完美无缺,依然需要对其进行优化,表现为规范软法生成过程、强化软法实施效力、协调软硬法实施中的冲突等。     

乡村“治理有效”的意蕴与考量

乡村"治理有效"是乡村振兴战略总要求的重要组成部分,也是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的内在要求。乡村"治理有效"内涵着对治理主体、治理决策、实施执行与治理效果的较高要求。乡村治理的效度考量,需要从厚植党在农村的执政基础、促进乡村发展、解决乡村面临的突出矛盾和问题以及治理资源的"投入"与治理"产出"等多面相衡量。当前实践中提升乡村治理的有效性,就要从乡村组织振兴、治理主体良性互动、自治法治德治相结合、注重现代科学技术应用等方面下好功夫。     

“三治结合”乡村治理体系：模式调试及发挥路径

习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中指出":健全自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系。"在这一体系中自治发挥核心作用,法治发挥保障作用,德治发挥辅助作用,三者有机结合构成了乡村治理体系的优化升级。在实践中,乡村治理模式供给要与乡村类型需求相匹配,以常态和强化为划分维度,乡村治理模式有四种;以经济发展水平和社会关系状况为划分维度,中国乡村可划分为四种类型,不同类型乡村有不同的治理模式需求。根据不同类型乡村的特点进行治理模式调试,精神层面,培育公共精神,提升村民政治参与积极性;物质层面,凝聚共同利益,化解分歧、平息纠纷;制度层面,强化制度供给,构建乡村治理框架。     

“三治合一”乡村治理体系下的“富人治村”现象分析

21世纪初以来,"富人治村"现象不断涌现。在市场经济条件下,富人通过村民委员会选举进入村庄权力网络具有一定的必然性。在治理村庄过程中,这些富人的目标和行为存在很大差异,对新时代自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系产生了复杂的影响。一些富人依法竞取村庄核心权力并改变了村庄面貌,但也有一些富人当选村干部后大权独揽、以权谋私,与"三治合一"乡村治理体系相背离。乡村治理体系现代化是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的基础工程,应使"富人治村"与"三治合一"的乡村治理体系相契合,引导富人村干部成为乡村振兴的积极推动力量。     

现代乡村治理方式探究

中国的现代化进程在很大程度上取决于农村现代化进程,没有农村的现代化就没有中国的现代化。乡村治理问题是农村现代化建设的核心问题,所以建设有中国特色的社会主义乡村治理机制,是我国现代化的必由之路。乡村治理由来已久,但是过去的治理模式已经不适合经济高速发展的现代社会,中国经济的快速发展使得农村的面貌也焕然一新,农民也不再是传统意义上的种地的没文化的人,所以现代乡村治理方式的探究对于农村的发展进步有着重大的理论和实践意义。试从乡村治理的现状出发,探究新的出路。     

习近平关于乡村治理论述的科学内涵

习近平关于乡村治理的创新性论述,立足于我国农业农村发展实际,继承和发展了马克思主义经典作家关于国家治理的基本思想观点,秉持我们党关于基层社会治理的基本主张,尤其是对党的十八大以来我们党领导乡村治理工作经验进行了深刻总结,体现了以习近平同志为核心的党中央对乡村治理的新思想、新观点和新看法,是引领新时代乡村治理的强大思想力量。习近平关于乡村治理的创新性论述,主要体现为由谁治理乡村、治理什么、治理的目标以及怎样治理等方面的创新性阐释。全面准确地理解习近平关于乡村治理的创新性论述,对于有效治理乡村,实现乡村治理现代化,全面振兴乡村意义重大。     

规则缺失与建立规则的合理路径——对当前国内收入分配问题的再认识

当前日益严重的收入分配问题,主要不是由"市场失灵"、"政府失灵"这两类规则"失灵"导致的,而要归结为计划体制向市场体制转型过程中的规则缺失.建立规则的合理路径,就是要坚持"强国家一强社会"的价值取向,即一方面要保持既有的"强国家"特色,提高政府履行公共职能的能力,加强其对收入分配领域的调节;另一方面建立和完善市场机制以调节收入分配,增强弱势群体的利益表达能力,要遏制公权力的市场化,减少政府官员"寻租"的机会.     

Indirect Rule and Varieties of Governance

This article reexamines the venerable concept of indirect rule. We argue, drawing on evidence from colonial and postcolonial South Asia, that indirect rule actually represented a diverse set of governance forms that need to be clearly distinguished. Using a new typology of varieties of governance, we show that colonial governments established suzerain, hybrid, and de jure governance, in addition to direct rule across territories, based on the incentives and constraints of the state. The repertoire of governance forms narrowed and changed but did not disappear during decolonization, showing that the postcolonial state had powerful reasons to maintain forms of heterodox governance. Dramatic shifts, alongside enduring continuity, challenge a simple narrative of path dependence and the adherence to tradition, instead showing that governments have made conscious choices about how to govern. We conclude by discussing the implications of these arguments for broader understandings of state power.     

Gender and Organizational Rule Abidance

A long-standing contention in the public and private management literatures is that women use rule abidance as a way to compensate for their relative lack of organizational power. Many of the studies making this assertion rely on anecdotal evidence rather than theory-guided empirical studies. In this paper, the authors use survey data collected from four cities in a midwestern state to empirically test gender dimensions of rule abidance. The findings support long-asserted gender differences in rule abidance. Contrary to recent scholarship, however, the findings suggest that rule abidance among women is inversely related to organizational status, with higher-level women abiding by rules more so than women lower in the hierarchy.     

Green Tape and Public Employee Rule Abidance: Why Organizational Rule Attributes Matter

Ever since Max Weber identified formal rules as one attribute of bureaucratic organizations, scholars have uncovered a range of cooperative and uncooperative behavioral responses to organizational rules. The question for public management theory and practice is how to design and execute organizational rules in ways that elicit cooperation rather than resistance. Green tape, a theory of effective rules, provides one answer to this question. Green tape theory argues that the cooperation of stakeholders—individuals who comply with, explain, or enforce rules—depends on the presence of five rule attributes. This article tests the relationship between these attributes and stakeholder rule abidance using mail survey data obtained from the employees of four cities in a Midwestern state. The results indicate that employee perceptions of four of the five theoretical green tape attributes are correlated with higher rule abidance. Thus, stakeholder perceptions of organizational rules appear to matter because they alter the extent of cooperation in rule implementation.     

政党的执政方式与执政规律

编者按:"改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式"是近年来理论界、学术界探讨的热点问题之一.这对推进政治体制改革,建设社会主义民主政治,不断探索"共产党的执政规律"具有重要意义.     

Electoral Rule Disproportionality and Platform Polarization

Despite common perception, existing theoretical literature lacks a complete formal argument regarding the relationship between the electoral rule disproportionality and platform polarization. In this article, we build a model that incorporates the disproportionality of the electoral system in a standard Downsian electoral competition setup with mainly, but not necessarily purely, policy‐motivated parties. We first show that in equilibrium, platform polarization is decreasing in the level of the electoral rule disproportionality. We then argue that the number of parties has a positive effect on platform polarization when polarization is measured by the distance between the two most distant platforms. This effect does not hold when polarization is measured by the widely used Dalton index. Constructing a data set covering more than 300 elections, our main theoretical findings are empirically supported, pointing toward the electoral rule disproportionality as a major determinant of polarization.