气候变化与美国国家安全部门:气候变化问题的安全化

通过分析安全研究领域中人们普遍采用的几种建构主义安全化研究理论,来解读美国气候变化问题安全化的过程,可以发现:在诠释气候变化问题的安全化过程这个问题上,以实践为核心的社会科学理论或分析性框架比注重话语分析的社会科学理论或分析性框架更加有效。强调将实践上的变化作为成功构建安全的标准,这就将目标指向了如何将科学认识加以社会构建这一理论工作。把安全化当做一种更为普遍的认识构建过程的一个具体案例,这将可能将我们导向一种理论的改良,这种改良的理论所要描述的是一个更为广大的由行为主体和网络构成的整体构架,一个随时间推移产生的新兴现象的知识演变过程,一个文件与言论发挥多重作用的复杂话语体系。此外,要想更好地理解气候变化问题在国家层面上的安全化进程,一个很有价值的做法就是进行比较案例研究,特别是同以中国为代表的国家进行对比,因为中国在气候政策决策上推行的是一种经济发展框架。中美在气候政策方面的关系缓和推动了2015年巴黎气候大会的召开,这一事例将为比较案例研究提供一个有趣的框架。     

从气候变化到气候安全：国家的安全化行为研究

安全化是非传统安全问题形成的必经过程。在非安全领域的问题能够造成(潜在)威胁并已成为国际社会重要议程的前提下,国家所处的安全环境、本国独立维护安全能力所受威胁的认知以及国家与该问题起源地之间的地理距离,是决定该国是否将该问题安全化的主要因素。其中,国家有关自身独立维护安全能力所受威胁的认知是核心因素。英美两国在气候变化安全化上的行为表明:若某非安全领域问题具有全球性,那么国家与该问题起源地之间的距离可以等同于零。在这种情况下,如果国家安全环境受到较大威胁,那么国家认为其独立维护安全的能力也受到较大威胁,本国将该问题安全化的可能性增大。如果国家安全环境受到威胁较小,这将出现两种情况:第一,若国家认为其独立维护安全的能力未受较大威胁,那么本国将该问题安全化的可能性小。第二,若国家认为其独立维护安全的能力受到较大威胁,那么本国将该问题安全化的可能性大。为了限制国家在安全化行为上的反复变化给全球气候治理造成的障碍,联合国可以通过发挥集体安全机制的作用促使气候变化"集体安全化"。     

东南亚国家应对气候变化合作现状

气候变化作为一个全球性问题,不仅需要单个国家和地区采取行动,更需要国际社会的共同努力来缓解和适应气候变化给人类社会带来影响。本文则着重探讨东南亚地区为应对全球气候变化问题采取的行动,以及加强区域气候合作为达成更广泛的国际合作协议做出自身的努力,指出东南亚气候合作中存在的问题及前景。     

Climate Change and the US Security Sector: the Securitization of Climate Change

This preliminary study traces how climate change came to be viewed as a security issue in the United States through a review of policy documents and reports prepared for and by the US security sector. The paper draws upon the ideas of constructivist schools of security studies to provide an analytical framework for understanding the meaning of the securitization process as it has occurred in the United States. It then refl ects upon the adequacy of those frameworks to interpret the securitization of climate change. In the US, new knowledge of the phenomenon of climate change was fi rst constructed in the research sector, in the fi elds of meteorology and atmospheric science. Environmental and Earth sciences then became a locus of research, and climate change fi rst entered security discourse as a topic of environmental protection. As the implications of climate change and its potential impact on water resources, food production, diseases, infrastructure, and human migration came to the attention of the security sector, this knowledge stimulated an internal discourse, where each new document functioned both as a new securitization statement and as a policy response to prior documents in a chain of discourse. Actors in this securitization process included not only “speakers” making a securitization claim (knowledge claim) and “audiences” that accept or reject a claim. Importantly, it also included actors who were instrumental in translating knowledge between research and security sectors. This brief consideration suggests that social science theories that center on practice are more robust than those that center on discourse for interpreting the securitization of climate change. Improved analytic frameworks need to better account for actors whose role is to transfer and translate knowledge from one sector to another.     

China-ASEAN Cooperation on Climate Change

China-ASEAN cooperation on climate change is an important component of the comprehensive strategic cooperation between the two. The cooperation has already made significant progress but the constraining factors still exist. It is in the interests of both sides to further enhance the cooperation in the climate and environment field.     

Prospects of Climate Change Negotiation

This article examines the key points of controversy and the prospects for the post-Copenhagen global climate change negotiations. While the Europeans and the U.S. try to abandon the principles of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012, the developing countries will strive to make the developed countries continue to accept differentiated responsibilities or obligations, The prospects of reaching a new legally binding international agreement on emissions reduction in the Cancun or South Africa summits may be diminishing.     

哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会

2009年12月7—19日,联合国气候变化大会在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开,其目的是为了商讨《京都议定书》一期承诺到期后的后续方案,并就未来应对气候变化的全球行动签署新协议,因此会议也被誉为“拯救人类的最后一次机会”。但由于各方漫长而激烈的利益博弈,会议以一份并不具有法律约束力的《哥本哈根协议》告终。     

国际气候话语权之争初探

随着气候变化演变为全球最大焦点问题之一,各国尤其是各大国对国际气候话语权争夺趋于激烈。这种争夺本质上是以经济利益和发展权益为主轴的国家利益之争。各国享有国际话语权的大小既是由其实力,也是由其相关政策决定的。     

Global Strategies for Addressing Climate Change

Clirnate security, which bears on the development of all countries and the survival of mankind, has become a hot issue, arousing great concern and extensive attention from the international community. To curb the increasing aggravation of greenhouse effect, China and other countries are taking initiative to take counter-measures and actions. However, little progress has been made in the international cooperation in this respect as developed countries are reluctant to take steps to address the problem. It is a long-term, arduous task to address the global warming.     

Problems in Dealing with the Global Climate Change

The question of climate change has been gaining heat in recent years. At the G8 summit in L＇Aquila, Italy in July, climate change was one of the focuses, and consensus was reached on the long-term target of emission cutting. The main emitting countries of the world will gather in Copenhagen of Denmark at the end of this year for global climate change negotiations. It is emerging as a new area for world powers to contend with each other.     

全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟

中国和欧盟是全球气候变化治理的关键参与者.在国际气候变化谈判的京都进程中,欧盟扮演了领导者角色,而中国是一个积极而谨慎的参与者.在后京都进程中,中欧在全球气候变化问题上既有共同立场,也有政策分歧,但总体上进行着更为频繁而积极的互动.     

英国应对气候变化的政策及其借鉴意义

英国是世界上较早开始对低碳经济进行探索的国家之一,在实践中形成了比较系统和完善的气候变化应对政策,该政策具有全面性、系统性和整体性特点,从宏观立法到企业行动,各种措施相互呼应.但是,其对外气候政策偏离了"共同但有区别责任"的原则,对发展中国家不利.如能从中汲取经验教训,中国一定能制定出符合本国国情的气候政策,为经济社会和环境协调发展做出更大贡献.     

Climate Change and the Role of China

Action to combat climate change is becoming ever more essential,especially as nations look toward their futures in an increasingly competitive world.Countries vie for obtaining the largest reduction in carbon emissions while the need for cooperation is also taking on ever-greater urgency.China has so far actively,solidly and diligently demonstrated its responsible image towards climate change,a point which should be understood and recognized by the developed world.     

Sidelights on Paris Conference on Climate Change

正The 21~(st) Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 11~(th) Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol(the Paris Conference on Climate Change)opened in Paris on Nov.30,2015.As a member of the China NGO Network for International Exchanges(CNIE)delegation,I attended the fi rst-week activities from Nov.30 to Dec.4.     

The Increasingly Serious Problem of Climate Change

I.Over the past decade and more,countries around the world have gradually come to the consensus on global warming:the Earth is getting constantly warmer,with its temperature rising by 1.4 ℃ in the past 100 years.The third review of     

气候变化对东南亚经济的影响

气候变化成为国际社会关注的重点,各权威机构及学者纷纷研究气候变化及其对经济的影响。本文以斯特恩评论的框架,结合有关研究资料分析东南亚的气候变化,包括气温、降雨量、极端气候事件和海平面的变化及趋势,评介这些气候变化对东南亚经济,包括对水资源、农业、林业、沿海及海洋资源和人类健康等5个方面的影响及发展趋势。     

Food Security in the Context of Global Climate Change

The issue of food security is a complex one,and,with the advancement of globalization,it is becoming ever more urgent.And as climate change rises to the top of the international agenda,the securitization of food issues is growing more complex.It has turned the spotlight on the issue of food security and introduces new challenges to every nation.Historically,China has been an agricultural country,and thus has always been concerned about food security,enacting various measures and policies over the years to protect its food supply.However,there are inherent uncertainties and many challenges in this area.To deal with the problem of food security caused by global climate change,China and other nations should rethink how they deal with food security,and establish a comprehensive food security strategy which engages with other strategies in economic development,agriculture and rural development,energy,water security and social development.