利与弊：评公诉人“一身兼二职”

公诉人在庭审中"一身兼二职"是司法实践的一贯做法,但从立法修改的精神看,公诉人的这种做法不仅没有必要,而且在具体操作中困难重重。因此,为实现司法公正,这种"一身兼二职"的做法亟待改变。     

英国保释制度及其借鉴意义

在英美法国家刑事诉讼中 ,保释是被逮捕人或者被羁押人的一项重要诉讼权利。其中 ,英国的保释制度历史最为悠久 ,立法最为完善。本文对英国保释制度的历史沿革和基本内容进行了考察 ,提出了借鉴英国保释制度 ,完善我国取保候审制度的若干建议     

庭前会议的功能定位与实践反思--以B市40个刑事案件为样本

按照刑事诉讼法和相关规范性文件的设定,刑事庭前会议主要解决程序性争议,基本功能是归纳控辩争议焦点,确定法庭调查范围;拓展功能衍生为推动案件繁简分流,规范撤回起诉程序,协商确定审判方式。通过对B市40个刑事案件的实证分析发现,庭前会议解决程序性争议的功能有限,庭前会议与庭审程序的关系不明,"大庭前会议、小庭审程序"现象值得警惕,制度设计与实践操作存在一定的紧张关系。未来要谨防庭前会议替代、削弱正式庭审,避免辩护权弱化、庭审虚化等不良倾向,回归庭前会议功能,推动庭审实质化。     

Desistance as a Developmental Process: A Comparison of Static and Dynamic Approaches

New research in the field of developmental criminology has led researchers to reconceptualize desistance as a behavioral process that unfolds over the life course. This approach puts more emphasis on the pathways by which people reach the state of non-offending, and less emphasis on the state of non-offending itself. This reconceptualization has implications for how we measure desistance in longi-tudinal data. In this paper, we suggest that the traditional measurement approach is inconsistent with this view, and we present an alternative measurement approach based on the premises of developmental criminology. Although not perfect, we argue that the dynamic measure better describes the key elements of the process of desistance. Both approaches are implemented using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of youthful offenders. We demon-strate that the two approaches identify different people as desistors. Moreover, we argue that the dynamic definition of desistance has more promise for providing insight into the changes that are the behavioral focus of the desistance process.     

象形、象意与表意——论汉字审美符号的存在方式

唐兰先生在六书说的基础上,提出象形、象意、形声的三书说,裘锡圭先生对唐说提出质疑,提出了表意、假借、形声的新三书说。旧新三书说把意变成了低一层次的概念,在一定程度上消解了汉字象的因素,其主要缺陷是对汉字这种审美符号的存在方式缺乏一种特异性的自觉和同情。而汉字中或凝练或抽象的形象,往往是事物精华的浓缩和概括,透过汉字的形象,可以看到中国人的观念的凝聚。中国精神与中国知识,以仍然鲜活的形式,体现在文字的创造中。象与意作为一种特殊的统一体,在汉字的发展史中,起着深刻的作用。汉字构形中的抽象,表现了汉字写意的特点,唤醒了我们对中国艺术写意的传统意识。象形、象意,包含着象与意两大传统的交融,并通过象外之象、意外之意,开辟辽阔浩渺的审美空间。因此,我们对汉字的认识必须超越认识层面,进入美学探索的境界。     

新农村建设中耕地实行适度规模经营存在的问题及对策

发展多种形式的适度规模经营，既是对土地承包经营责任制的进一步完善，也是对土地承包经营方式的再创新。农村耕地实行适度规模经营是生产力发展的必然趋势。农村耕地可采取土地入股、租赁、转包、互换、土地使用权的转让、土地使用权上交国家等方式推进土地使用权流转，实现土地使用权集中。在实行农村耕地适度规模经营的同时，必须解决好一些与之相关的问题，农村耕地才能顺利实现适度规模经营。     

“马锡五审判方式”的当代效度和限度——以“张院长新政”为考察对象

重彰"马锡五审判方式"是当下我国司法界的一个热点,各级法院都在尝试"马锡五审判方式"的运用,其中以"张院长新政"最有影响和最具代表性。"张院长新政"在重彰"马锡五审判方式"方面是不成功的,有过分机械的嫌疑。     

Prior Experiences as Temporal Frames of Reference in Social Justice: The Influence of Previous Fairness Experiences on Reactions to New and Old Supervisors

This paper focuses on the psychology of social change and social justice. Specifically, we focus on subordinates’ reactions to new and old supervisors, and we argue that in evaluating these different types of supervisors, subordinates may rely on prior fair or unfair experiences as temporal frames of reference. We further propose that a result of these frames of reference may be that previous fairness experiences have a bigger impact on subordinates’ reactions to subsequent neutral communications when an old rather than when a new supervisor is the source of that communication. Findings of two empirical studies indeed show that subordinates who had had fair experiences with a particular supervisor reacted more positively toward subsequent neutral messages when the communication was coming from the old supervisor rather than from the new supervisor. Subordinates who had had unfair experiences, however, reacted more negatively toward the communication when the source was the old rather than the new supervisor. Some evidence was also found for contrast effects such that people who react to a new supervisor may react more positively with the neutral demand from this authority figure when they have earlier experienced unfair as opposed to fair treatment by a different supervisory agent. These findings were obtained on subordinates’ satisfaction with the supervisors’ communication and their acceptance of the supervisor. Finally, we discuss the implications for the psychology of social change and social justice.     

主权:政治现实、道德理想与法治桥梁

准确把握主权概念是清晰理解国际法与国际关系的基础。只有消除一些误解和歧义才有可能树立正确的观念。就现实而言,主权是对内的命令、调控以及以此为基础的对外代表与参与,主要功能是政府对其行为与利益的辩护与防卫。其根源是社会分工形成的人群分层,并在此基础上形成的制度惯性以及人们对治理形式的路径依赖。其内核是无涉于道德和法律的。在认清主权的非社会契约性、非神圣绝对性之后,必须承认,主权在世界上仍会长期存在。因而有必要在人本主义的价值基点上塑造其理想,即要求主权发挥引领、代表、服务人民,在相互依赖、面临共同未来的人类处境中密切合作的职能。为此,有必要进一步完善权力—权利三角形,使主权的运作受国内宪政和国际法治的引导与制约,促进社会的健康和谐发展。     

Confronting Religion: Veiled Witnesses,the Right to a Fair Trial and the Supreme Court of Canada's Judgment in R v N.S.

The Supreme Court of Canada's decision in R v N.S. is significant because the majority seems to endorse an understanding of confrontation that assumes a defendant's right to a fair trial is imperilled by a witness who seeks to give evidence while wearing the niqab. The case is of interest because it permits reflection upon the interrelationship between the right to a fair trial and the right to confront witnesses enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Given that the European Court of Human Rights conceptualises confrontation in epistemic terms, it is argued that it would be unlikely to find that a conviction based upon evidence from a niqab‐wearing witness would infringe the right to a fair trial. This note examines the value of demeanour evidence and whether the majority in R v N.S. was correct that the abrogation of the ability to assess demeanour evidence necessarily undermines trial fairness.     

Proficiency Testing as a Basis for Estimating Uncertainty of Measurement: Application to Forensic Alcohol and Toxicology Quantitations

Abstract: While forensic laboratories will soon be required to estimate uncertainties of measurement for those quantitations reported to the end users of the information, the procedures for estimating this have been little discussed in the forensic literature. This article illustrates how proficiency test results provide the basis for estimating uncertainties in three instances: (i) For breath alcohol analyzers the interlaboratory precision is taken as a direct measure of uncertainty. This approach applies when the number of proficiency tests is small. (ii) For blood alcohol, the uncertainty is calculated from the differences between the laboratory’s proficiency testing results and the mean quantitations determined by the participants; this approach applies when the laboratory has participated in a large number of tests. (iii) For toxicology, either of these approaches is useful for estimating comparability between laboratories, but not for estimating absolute accuracy. It is seen that data from proficiency tests enable estimates of uncertainty that are empirical, simple, thorough, and applicable to a wide range of concentrations.     

中国古代“才子佳人小说”论略——从西欧中古时期的“骑士传奇”谈起

骑士传奇是西欧中古时期历史文化的产物,由分封制所造成的社会结构、社会关系和社会生活的现实是其产生、发展的基础。所描绘的种种爱情故事,虽然显得荒诞离奇,然而总是与骑士制度有着种种联系,并在一定程度上表现出对人性的肯定。散文体骑士传奇是西欧近世小说的先导,至少从叙事形式和技巧方面为欧洲近世小说提供了范式。才子佳人小说是中国古代历史文化条件下的产物,中国中古以后不同于西方的社会体制,特别是唐代以来实行的决定中国知识阶层命运和思想状况的科举选官制度,是才子佳人小说创作产生和长期延续的基础。即使是那些耽于幻想的才子佳人小说中所描写的虚幻恋爱婚姻故事,也多少反映了中国古代知识阶层追求个性解放的愿望。清代前期中、长篇才子佳人小说兴盛的小说史意义,则在于巩固了《金瓶梅》发轫的以长篇小说描写现实生活的新传统和确立了长篇小说由文人独立创作的新格局。西方和东方这两种文学现象是基于两种社会体制所导致的历史文化的差异,从而证明了制度文化对文学的巨大影响,也提醒我们不能脱离历史文化背景研究古代的小说。     

In silico toxicity as a tool for harm reduction: A study of new psychoactive amphetamines and cathinones in the context of criminal science

The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has raised many issues in the context of law enforcement and public drug policies. In this scenario, interdisciplinary studies are crucial to the decision-making process in the field of criminal science. Unfortunately, information about how NPS affect people's health is lacking even though knowledge about the toxic potential of these substances is essential: the more information about these drugs, the greater the possibility of avoiding damage within the scope of a harm reduction policy. Traditional analytical methods may be inaccessible in the field of forensic science because they are relatively expensive and time-consuming. In this sense, less costly and faster in silico methodologies can be useful strategies. In this work, we submitted computer-calculated toxicity values of various amphetamines and cathinones to an unsupervised multivariate analysis, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and to the supervised techniques Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (SIMCA and PLS-DA) to evaluate how these two NPS groups behave. We studied how theoretical and experimental values are correlated by PLS regression. Although experimental data was available for a small amount of molecules, correlation values reproduced literature values. The in silico method efficiently provided information about the drugs. On the basis of our findings, the technical information presented here can be used in decision-making regarding harm reduction policies and help to fulfill the objectives of criminal science.