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1.
Panu Minkkinen 《Human Rights Review》2007,8(2):33-51
Taking as its starting point the commonly held claim about the obscurity of the concept of sovereignty, the article first
identifies a fundamental paradox between the classical Westphalian notion of state sovereignty and human rights. In the rhetoric
of international politics, attempts to establish the responsibility of states to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms
within their jurisdictions are often countered with claims referring to the “sovereign equality” of all states and the subsequent
principle of non-intervention. The article suggests that in a more contemporary understanding of sovereignty the responsibility
of a state to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms is seen as a constituent ingredient of the state itself. The chapter
continues to elaborate how this change has come about. The classical notion of sovereignty is illustrated through a reading
of Bodin’s Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576). In Bodin’s world, sovereignty is a constitutive element of the state, and
the possibility of a multitude of sovereign entities in a global world logically denying the possibility of any “supra-national”
normative framework is still a minor consideration. This possibility is only worked out with the emergence of international
law. In both classics such as Emmerich de Vattel’s The Law of Nations (1758) and more contemporary treatises such as Lassa
Oppenheim’s International Law (1905), state sovereignty has become conditional to recognition by other sovereign states and
a subsequent membership in the “family of nations.” The conditional membership in the “family of nations” involves a contradiction:
a sovereign state must act in a “dignified” manner, it must use its sovereignty with “restraint” by respecting the human rights
and fundamental freedoms of its citizens, i.e., it must employ its sovereignty in a non-sovereign way. This restriction of
sovereignty, addressed as “ethical sovereignty,” becomes a constitutive element in a post-Westphalian state and a central
ingredient in the contemporary doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The article further criticizes the various uses (and
abuses) of “ethical sovereignty” in the regulation of “failing” and “rogue” states and concludes by identifying its general
political dangers. Finally, with reference to Jacques Derrida’s Rogues (2003), the article suggests a more radical reappraisal
of the concept of sovereignty.
It is a fact that sovereignty is a term used without any well-recognised meaning except that of supreme authority. Under these
circumstances those who do not want to interfere in a mere scholastic controversy must cling to the facts of life and the
practical, though abnormal and illogical, condition of affairs.1
—Lassa Oppenheim
But to invoke the concept of national sovereignty as in itself a decisional factor is to fall back on a word which has an
emotive quality lacking meaningful specific content. It is to substitute pride for reason.2
—Eli Lauterpacht 相似文献
2.
Kristina A. Bentley 《Human Rights Review》2005,6(4):48-68
This paper is about conflicts of rights, and the particularly difficult challenges that such conflicts present when they entail
women’s equality and claims of cultural recognition. South Africa since 1994 has presented a series of challenging—but by
no means unique—circumstances many of which entail conflicting claims of rights. The central aim of this paper is, to make
sense of the idea that the institution of traditional leadership can be sustained—and indeed given new, more concrete powers—in
a democracy; and to explore the implications that this has for women’s equality and equal human rights. This is a particularly
pertinent question in the South African context, and I think it is worth reiterating from the outset that there is a distinct
impression that women’s equality is always “up for grabs” when other, perhaps more powerful interests, come into play, in
a way that would be unacceptable for other aspects of identity, and therefore signifiers of equality. It would be inconceivable,
for example, to countenance a claim for a hierarchical racial arrangement in a given community, no matter how deeply culturally entrenched that arrangement was, and regardless of how
much support it (ostensibly) had from the community concerned. I think therefore that we are obliged to ask difficult questions
about the new legislation on traditional leadership, and to put it under the microscope of political theory in assessing the
claim that this is one way of recognizing people’s rights and freedoms in a new democracy.
The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 2003, omits reference to the “powers” of traditional leaders, but rather refers to “functions and roles” which was regarded
as something of a victory for women’s rights groups. However, the Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) and others point out
that this victory has been all but nullified by the Communal Land Rights Act, 2004, which allocates powers of land administration to traditional councils, which are headed by traditional leaders. In
any event, the “functions and roles” that traditional leaders are allocated in terms of the 2003 Act are sufficiently extensive
that they may be seen to allocate “power” with the reference to lesser competence appearing to be a mere semantic device for
the sake of compromise. 相似文献
3.
Zaijun Yuan 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2011,16(4):389-405
In the Chinese political system, according to the constitution, the people’s congresses at the primary level are the only
institution which the voters can directly elect. However, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tightly controls the “direct elections”
and takes every measure in the elections to prevent grassroots power from entering even the primary-level people’s congresses.
In recent years, grassroots power has kept struggling for its legal rights in the “direct elections” held in a few localities.
The conflicts between the grassroots power and the authoritarian party in the “direct elections” have become an interesting
political phenomenon, a subject deserves close observation and research. This paper studies the background of the independent
candidates, their motivations and behaviour in elections. The paper also examines the party’s control in the elections and
thus exposes the true nature of China’s people’s congress “direct” elections. The paper argues that independent candidates
can have little impacts on China’s political structure at the current stage because of the party’s tight control, but their
political participation has the most democratic value, compared with the “reforms” instigated and carried out by the CCP. 相似文献
4.
Daojiong Zha Ph.D. 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》1999,5(1):69-87
This paper is a preliminary study of Chinese considerations of China’s “economic security”, a notion that gained currency in China-based Chinese scholars’ research on China’s international relations in the 1990s. Among other things, such considerations reflect Chinese scholars’ acceptance of Western Realist/Nationalist convictions about the international political economy. The paper also finds that Chinese concerns about what the international political-economic environment holds for China’s approach to national greatness through economic growth by continuing to interact with the rest of the world, while not unfounded, are more ideology-driven than fact-based. This tendency contrasts sharply with Japanese notions of “economic security,” which have greatly influenced industrial restructuring in Japan and Japan’s international economic/security policies Japan since the term came into being in the 1970s. 相似文献
5.
Sheng Ding 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2008,13(2):193-213
This study attempts to answer a new but important question in China’s foreign policy— how Beijing has wielded its soft power
to construct its ideal of international order in the age of China’s rise. Before empirical analyses, this study tries to set
up a conceptual framework on the relations between the idea of “harmonious world” and China’s soft power wielding in its rising
process. Within this framework, this study examines a rising China’s foreign policies towards three targeted regions in the
global south—Africa, East Asia, and Latin America. On the one hand, due to Beijing’s carefully-designed and soft power-based
foreign policies, the global south has become an increasingly harmonious environment for Beijing to cultivate a favorable
national image, exert its political influence on regional affairs, benefit its own domestic economic developments, etc. On
the other hand, some problems such as the so-called “China’s New Colonialism” and the increased vigilance from the other powers
have already began to challenge Beijing’s harmony in those regions.
Sheng Ding is assistant professor of political science at Bloomsburg University. He received both his masters and doctoral
degrees from Rutgers. His research interests include soft power in international relations; transnational identity in globalization;
information technology and world politics; politics in Pacific Asia; Chinese politics and foreign policy; U.S.-China relations,
etc. His research articles have been published by Pacific Affairs, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics and East Asia: An International Quarterly. The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on the draft of the paper. 相似文献
6.
Markella B. Rutherford 《Society》2011,48(5):407-412
This essay reflects upon the current cultural skirmishes over the parenting practices of Americans, which have pitted “Helicopter
Parents” against “Free-Range Kids”; “Tiger Mothers” against “Panda Dads;” and at-risk communities “Waiting for Superman” against
privileged students in the “Race to Nowhere.” Despite the exaggerated claims of difference in these and other popular representations
of the parenting wars, a common theme of building children’s self-esteem is evident as a cornerstone of contemporary American
parenting practices. Through different means, the relatively privileged parents who write child-rearing memoirs (or confessionals)
pursue a similar end: to build and enhance their children’s self-concept and emotional competence. In particular, professional-class
parents who are anxious about their own prospects for continued success in a risky economy turn toward emotional capital as
a necessary supplement to educational and extra-curricular success to ensure inter-generational transmission of advantage.
The goals of emotional competence and self-esteem replicate the mechanisms of control to which elite parents are subjected
in professional careers and therefore represent an important form of cultural capital in the reproduction of class advantages. 相似文献
7.
Lowell Dittmer 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2005,10(2):21-42
This paper reexamines American policy toward China, Taiwan, and their ambivalent bilateral relationship, focusing on the period
since Washington’s shift from strong (but not unconditional) support of Nationalist China to the role of balancer in the early
1970s, particularly on the most recent period under George W. Bush. We analyze the relationship from a strategic triangular
perspective. The China-Taiwan-US relationship is triangular in the sense that each actor’s relations with the other two depend
on its relations with the third. It is strategic in its focus on security. The United States has been the consistent “pivot”
of this triangle, having better relations with both “wings” than they have with each other. Washington has retained this structurally
advantageous position partly because of its disproportionate strategic weight, and partly because of the inherent difficulties
Taipei and Beijing have had forging a cooperative bilateral relationship. This structure has been quite stable since the Cold
War, as Washington has periodically shifted its balance from one wing to the other without altering the triangle’s basic configuration.
Yet so long as the configuration is maintained, the basic problem on which the triangle is based — the contested independence
of Taiwan — cannot be resolved. This creates a sense of national identity frustration that will continue to generate attempts
at resolution, either by Taiwan’s declaration of independence or China’s forced reunification (or both).
editor ofAsian Survey, has written or editedSino-Soviet Normalization and Its International Implications (1992),China’s Quest for National Identity (with Samuel Kim, 1993), and many other analyses of Chinese domestic and foreign policy. His most recent book (with Haruhiro
Fukui and Peter N.S. Lee) isInformal Politics in East Asia (Cambridge, 2000). 相似文献
8.
China’s Harmonious World: Beyond Cultural Interpretations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A culture “specter” is haunting the ongoing discourse regarding China’s declared policy of “peaceful rise” for a “harmonious
world.” While some Western scholars “cherry-pick” “evidence” of China’s aggressiveness from Confucius legacies, the same cultural
heritage is heavily tapped by many Chinese scholars to interpret the current policy of striving for internal and external
harmony. Both seem to ignore, though to different degrees, the historically specific political environment, within which the
cultural elements function and interact with other socio-political variables. China’s current pursuit of harmony is possible
and desirable only at a time when China is able to achieve sustained sociopolitical stability (30 years) in the past 160 years
and after its protracted encounter and experiment with Western liberalism, Marxism and capitalism. Although it has not explicitly
rejected any of these Western ideologies, China has tested the limits of all of them—hence China’s search for its own identity
and policy alternatives at the onset of the new millennium. It is toward a more historical and holistic explanation that this
paper constructs the political space and historical trajectory of China’s search for modernity and for itself in the past
two centuries and into the future.
Yu Bin is Professor of Political Science and Director of East Asian Studies at Wittenberg University, Ohio, USA; Senior Fellow
at Shanghai Institute of American Studies; analyst on Russian-China relations for Pacific Forum (CSIS) in Honolulu, Hawaii;
and former president of Association of Chinese Political Studies (1992-94). Yu is the author and co-author of several books
including the most recent ones: The Government of China (Stockton, NJ.: OTTN Publishing, 2006); Power of the moment: America and the world after 9-11 [Shunjian de Liliang: 9-11 Hou de Meiguo Yu Shijie] (Beijing: Xinhua Chubanshe, 2002); and Mao’s Generals Remember Korean (The University Press of Kansas, 2001). He has published more than 60 articles in journals including World Politics, Strategic Review, Asian Survey, International Politics Quarterly (Beijing), The China and Eurasian Forum Quarterly, International Journal of Korean Studies, Harvard International Review, Comparative Connections, etc. 相似文献
9.
Jean-Marc F. Blanchard 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2011,16(1):91-108
Chinese outward foreign direct investment (COFDI) has captured the imagination of international business academics, journalists,
and analysts of Chinese foreign economic policy. While these students of COFDI have added greatly to our knowledge, they have
not adequately considered the politico-economy of COFDI. Specifically, they have not sufficiently evaluated the degree to
which COFDI is driven by political versus economic considerations, the extent to which political considerations influence
the overseas operations of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs), or the political ramifications of COFDI for host countries,
international institutions, or China’s interactions with third parties. Reviewing the Western literature, this article provides
useful background information about COFDI, distills two general schools of thought about the politico-economy of COFDI—i.e.,
the “Beijing as Puppeteer” camp and the “Business of Business is Business” camp, and highlights a number of shortcomings with
each. As well, it suggests a number of ways in which the extant literature can move forward and makes clear the importance
of tracking the development of Chinese MNCs. 相似文献
10.
Reports from “Backstage” in Entertainment News 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elizabeth Butler Breese 《Society》2010,47(5):396-402
While “serious” news outlets struggle financially in the United States, evidence suggests that entertainment news coverage
is thriving. By expanding upon Erving Goffman’s performance perspective and performance theory, this article seeks to illuminate
representations of celebrities in the news media, with attention to the recent news stories regarding Tiger Woods and Sandra
Bullock. The analysis also explores the off-screen performance of celebrities—developed and presented in news stories, interviews
and photographs—and the repercussions when reports of a celebrity’s unmanaged backstage performance exposes the front stage
performance as a pretense. 相似文献
11.
Josef Gregory Mahoney 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2009,14(2):135-166
This work discusses why Marxist vanguard parties require ideology in their struggle to gain and maintain political power.
Despite being considered theoretically inconsistent with classical Marxism and western vernacular, I chart etymologically
how “ideology” came to China and proliferated during the Mao era as a positively framed term via, in all likelihood, Japanese
renderings of Leninism. After discussing ideological challenges under Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin, I explore whether Hu
Jintao’s scientific development and harmony concepts might be understood as ideological campaigns which—by synthesizing Maoist
and Dengist approaches to ideology—effectively address what otherwise be referred to as the Party’s telos problem, and thus resolve in part the threat to the Party’s vanguard claim.
Josef Gregory Mahoney is Assistant Professor of Liberal Studies and East Asian Studies at Grand Valley State University. Recent publications include: “On the Way to Harmony: Marxism, Confucianism, and Hu Jintao’s Hexie Concept” in China in Search of a Harmonious Society, Sujian Guo and Baogang Guo, Eds. (2008); “Rise of China and Pragmatic Marxism,” Political Affairs: The Journal of Marxist Thought (2008); and (with Xiuling Li) “A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: An Interview with Jiexiong Yi,” in a Science and Society special issue on China (forthcoming 2009). He invites correspondence and can be reached via mahoneyg@gvsu.edu. 相似文献
Josef Gregory MahoneyEmail: |
Josef Gregory Mahoney is Assistant Professor of Liberal Studies and East Asian Studies at Grand Valley State University. Recent publications include: “On the Way to Harmony: Marxism, Confucianism, and Hu Jintao’s Hexie Concept” in China in Search of a Harmonious Society, Sujian Guo and Baogang Guo, Eds. (2008); “Rise of China and Pragmatic Marxism,” Political Affairs: The Journal of Marxist Thought (2008); and (with Xiuling Li) “A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: An Interview with Jiexiong Yi,” in a Science and Society special issue on China (forthcoming 2009). He invites correspondence and can be reached via mahoneyg@gvsu.edu. 相似文献
12.
Robert L. Jackson 《Society》2008,45(1):20-29
Over the past year, several published volumes have argued that American politics is careening out of control, toward a slippery
slope of twenty-first century theocracy. Most of these books present tendentious interpretations of contemporary politics
as matter-of-fact analysis. The reader is assumed to hold the same interpretive bias and warned of the dangers of a new and
powerful American “fundamentalism.” The current article explores a historical parallel to today’s trend. Nearly a century
ago, the Progressive Education movement sought to undermine the pedagogical dominance of traditional, literature-based education,
preferring a more socially-conscious curriculum. The striking similarities between John Dewey’s anti-traditional approach
and the present-day anti-theocracy faction are multitude—and worth our consideration. The seeds of Progressive Education are
now producing weeds of anti-religious sentiment across America’s political landscape—a cultural phenomena that is constricting
the growth of a much needed civil discourse.
相似文献
Robert L. JacksonEmail: |
13.
The sports that billions follow in the world were largely creations of the “first globalization” under the aegis of 19th century
Britain and — to a lesser extent — the United States and Canada. While their cultural dominance in their spaces of hegemonic
existence have not abated, the current process of what has been termed the “second globalization” in the paper creates new
realities that challenge the dominance of these established sports. Global stars are major agents in this re-structuration
who, by dint of their amazing achievements on the global playing fields and courts, and sports’ inherently meritocratic nature
tied to the salience of winning, foster a climate of cosmopolitanism. 相似文献
14.
Jon R. Taylor 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2011,16(3):323-333
The development of Chinese political science was not a relatively neat and tidy event. It was profoundly impacted by two revolutions,
war, civil war, and political turmoil throughout most of the 20th Century. In the first three decades of New China, political
science suffered from both ideological rigidity and political suspicion. With the heralding of Reform and Opening-up, Chinese
political science has experienced a renaissance, influenced as much by the concept of indigenization (ben tu hua) as Western ideas. Much like its American counterpart, Chinese political science is now experiencing a healthy debate about
the primacy of the discipline’s contending intellectual influences and traditions, as well as its core functions and future
direction. The on-going debate suggests that Chinese political science is developing, in the words of Deng Zhenglai, “its
own plurality of methodological approaches to the study of politics”. This article examines the rise and growth of contemporary
Chinese political science, with particular emphasis devoted to the influence that a burgeoning political science with “Chinese
Characteristics” will have on the discipline both within and outside China. 相似文献
15.
Jørgen Delman 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2011,16(2):183-205
The article examines whether there is reciprocity between the legitimating effects of China’s regime at home and abroad and
how global governance and legitimacy interact in the case of China. This is done through an analysis of Chinese climate politics
and China’s engagement in international climate negotiations and governance, especially its behavior during and after the
Copenhagen Climate Summit in December 2009 and the Chinese regime’s efforts to legitimate this behavior. While China’s role
in international climate governance was disputed at the Copenhagen Summit, China contributed constructively to brokering a
deal with significant implications for a new climate governance architecture suiting China’s preferences and being aligned
with China’s core interests. China defended the procedural logic of the current global climate governance framework and managed
to contain institutional change. Based on Anthony Giddens’ proposition about “radicalism at the centre”, it is argued that
China’s national and international discourse on and actions associated with climate change and the international negotiations
about the new climate governance architecture seem to be able to reinforce each other and may well have a mutual legitimacy
augmenting effect for the ‘radicals at the centre’ of the Chinese regime, provided that they ensure consequential logic through
targeted reduction of GHG emissions and a “green transformation” of the economy. 相似文献
16.
Daniel J. Mahoney 《Society》2009,46(1):12-20
The French political thinker Raymond Aron (1905–1983) provides the imitable model of the political philosopher as civic educator.
Writing in an age of extreme ideological polarization, he aimed at a truly balanced approach to historical and political understanding.
In a series of writings from the late 1930’s onward, Aron defended a principled middle way between Machiavellian cynicism
and the “abstract moralism” so evident in the public engagement of modern intellectuals. Aron argued for the renewal of liberalism
on the foundation of a broad-based “democratic conservatism” and displayed remarkable lucidity regarding the totalitarian
temptation. This paper explores this distinctive notion of “democratic conservatism”—equally distant from revolutionary romanticism
and reactionary nostalgia—that guided Aron’s public engagement over a fifty-year period and that was central to his idea of
the political responsibility of intellectuals.
相似文献
Daniel J. MahoneyEmail: |
17.
Little is known about how the political orientations and party affiliations of ordinary Americans impact their perceptions
of China. Based on our surveys, we find that partisanship does indeed impact American views of China. Self-reported “conservatives”
perceive significantly greater threat in China’s rise, hold more negative views of the Chinese government, exhibit more prejudice
towards the Chinese people, and advocate a much tougher U.S. China policy than self-reported “liberals” do. Republicans perceive
significantly greater threat from China and advocate tougher China policies than Democrats do, but party affiliation has a
lesser impact on prejudice scores. Regression analyses reveals that education, gender, and age each has an impact on American
views of China, but that impact is negligible compared to partisanship. 相似文献
18.
Market distortions are generally caused by the state or social institutions. This paper discusses the social distortions of
the Chinese market through examining a “Chinese style” labor market-the community-based labor markets. Along with the now
standard argument emphasizing the role of the state, this paper concludes that the “right kind” of societal distortions or
control of the market have been crucial to the phenomenal success of the Chinese marketization and the seemingly puzzling
political and social stability in that country. Besides contending for the general “necessity” of market distortions, this
paper calls for further studies on the significant role of social institutions in contemporary China. 相似文献
19.
The CCP government has adopted a very pragmatic strategy of “performance legitimacy” since China began its reform. It means
that the government relies on accomplishing concrete goals such as economic growth, social stability, strengthening national
power, and “good governance” (governing competence and accountability) to retain its legitimacy. While it is able to attain
considerable domestic support by implementing this strategy, it has no particular interest in pursuing democratization. This
chapter tries to make sense of the main reasons why it has adopted this strategy and to evaluate the political and social
outcome of its policies. The chapter intends to discover if China’s adaptation strategy is a “path dependent” decision, and
if it will function as a potential catalyst for significant political change in the future. The chapter also explores what
the Chinese government has achieved through its adaptation strategy and what and why it has been unwilling or unable to do
to obtain an “original justification” of power. Zhu skillfully travels back and forth between the terrains of theory and practice
to make better sense of legitimacy and governance in China’s experiences. 相似文献
20.
Jenna Reinbold 《Human Rights Review》2011,12(2):147-171
This paper will explore the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an exemplar of political mythmaking, a genre of
narrative designed to channel and thereby to quell social anxiety and to orient select groups toward desirable beliefs and
practices. One of the Declaration’s most fundamental and forceful elements is its enshrinement of the “inherent dignity” of
each member of the human family. Drawing upon contemporary theorizations of mythmaking and sacralization, this article will
elucidate the manner in which inherent dignity functions as the central item of sacredness within what we might call the “secular
morality” of universal human rights. 相似文献