欧共体法律一体化探析

欧共体法律一体化是对区域经济一体化的回应,是形成统一大市场的客观要求和必然结果,体现为成员国法律的协调和统一,其核心是共同法律意识(法律精神)的培植。文章分别从共同大市场的运作(尤其是商品、资本、人力和服务的跨国自由流通)和共同体制度建设两个方面论证了实现法律一体化的必要性及其意义。     

欧共体竞争法中的知识产权

一 绪论同一般财产权一样，知识产权最重要的特点是专有性。即未经权利人同意，任何人都不得使用专利或者有着保密措施的技术秘密。正是因为这种专有性或者排他性，知识产权的权利人才可能通过其创造性的智力成果，在一个有限的时间和地域内就某种产品的生产或者销售取得垄断地位，进而获取垄断利润。这种状况说明，知识产权包括专利权、商标权以及版权的法律保护与竞争法之间存在着矛盾。即一方面，知识产权所有人因为在发明创造工作中付出了劳动，他们有权通过其发明创造或者知识在竞争中取得优势地位，甚至垄断地位，而且也应当有权通过…     

Teaching the Political Context of EC Law

Books reviewed in this article: D. Dinan, Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community J. Greenwood, Representing Interests in the European Union F. Hayes-Renshaw and H. Wallace, The Council of Ministers S. Hix and C. Lord, Political Parties in the European Union N. Nugent, The Government and Politics of the European Union R. Dehousse, The European Court of Justice: The Politics of Judicial Integration P. Craig and G. de Burca, EC Law, Text, Cases, & Materials D. Chalmers and E. Szyszczak, European Union Law. Volume One. Law and EU Government     

WTO协定对欧盟法的影响及启示--从欧盟法院的角度

WTO协定在欧共体被视为法律渊源之一,但是在欧共体并不具有直接效力;欧共体法被假定为与WTO协定相一致,但是欧盟法院在具体案件中不以WTO协定作为评价欧共体法合法性的依据。欧盟法院在其判决中对二者之间关系之精心设计,对于刚加入世贸组织的我国来说,不乏借鉴意义。     

欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”

随着我国社会主义市场经济的进一步发展,反垄断立法逐渐引起了社会的广泛关注。本文就欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”进行了探讨,分析了“关键设施原则”的起源,它在欧盟竞争法下的发展,它被欧洲法院适用的情况,和“关键设施原则”与知识产权保护的关系。笔者希望对欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”这一较新的理论的探讨能给我国的反垄断立法一定的启示作用。     

The Precautionary Principle in EC Health and Environmental Law

Abstract:  Envisaging anticipatory preventive action in response to uncertainty, the precautionary principle represents an important milestone in risk reduction. The question is no longer merely how to prevent assessable risks, but rather how to anticipate risks pervaded by uncertainty. By leaving behind the realm of 'sound science', precaution necessarily gives rise to conflict. As regards the status and the implementation of that principle, the aim of this article is to explore some of the key issues arising in environmental and food safety cases brought before the Tribunal of First Instance, the European Court of Justice and the EFTA Court.     

欧洲共同体竞争法实施过程中面临的冲突及对策

竞争法是欧共体法律体系中影响较大的一个部门。它的形成与发展,使共同体内并存着两种相互独立的竞争法及其执行机制。因此,竞争法在实施过程中,出现了一系列的冲突和矛盾。共同体通过二次立法,采取了一系列相应的措施:重新调整竞争法主管机构的权限,平衡竞争法管辖上的矛盾;确立共同体竞争法的效力优于成员国竞争法的原则,协调共同体竞争法适用上的冲突;加强竞争法实施的国际合作,化解欧共体竞争法域外适用过程中产生的困难。这些措施有效地清除了竞争法实施的障碍,推动了欧洲经济一体化的进程。     

欧盟反垄断私人诉讼制度的最新发展及启示

从欧盟竞争法的最新发展来看,私人诉讼在反垄断法中的地位正在逐步增强.欧盟委员会认为,行政执法始终是反垄断法实施的中坚力量,但私人诉讼是公共实施的有益补充.此外,欧盟积极借鉴美国的反托拉斯私人诉讼制度,旨在促进欧盟区经济的发展及欧盟消费者权利的保护.就我国而言,可以借鉴欧盟的经验,高度重视私人在反垄断法实施中的作用,完善法律制度,以推动反垄断私人诉讼在我国的发展.     

EC Competition Law and the Regulation of Passive Investments Among Competitors

Passive holdings and cross-investments among competing companiesare common phenomena in the modern marketplace. Yet under certainmarket conditions such investments may cause anticompetitiveeffects. This article explores the economic effects of passiveinvestments and their regulation under European competitionlaw. The article identifies a range of transactions that potentiallyaffect competition; however they remain unchallenged under currentregulation. Subsequently, the article explores the possibilityof applying the European Merger Regulation to these transactions.     

A New Framework on Equal Treatment of Persons in EC Law?

In June and November 2000, the European Parliament and the Council adopted two Directives referring to ‘the principle of equal treatment irrespective of’ in their title, one relating to racial and ethnic origin, the other to disability, age, religion and belief or sexual orientation. A thorough reform of Directive 76/207/EEC on the principle of equal treatment for women and men in employment matters is pending between the European Parliament's second reading and adoption while this is written. Community secondary legislation on equal treatment of persons has thus expanded in scope and number of reasons which must not serve as starting points for differentiation. Does this signify progress in legal protection against personal discrimination? While not providing a ready answer, this article proposes an analytical framework to answer this question, concentrating on conceptions of equality in general and in particular on the problems multi‐dimensional discrimination might pose for the law.     

Employee Rights on Transfer of Undertakings: Italian Legislation and EC Law

Abstract:  The authors examine the conformity with Community law of the recent regulatory changes introduced to the Italian legal system regarding the safeguarding of employees' rights during transfers of undertakings. The investigation takes place on the assumption that the principle of primacy of Community law applies, which first and foremost means that it must be verified whether the domestic legislation in question complies with the interpretation given to the relative provisions of Community law. According to the authors' opinion, domestic law could be judged as non-conforming to the interpretation that has been given by the Court of Justice, so that the question may be brought before the Court of Justice ex Article 226 EC or by recourse to the preliminary ruling procedure under Article 234 EC, which reveal cases of incorrect implementation of the Directive.