尿液中DNA的提取与检验

尿液中DNA的STR分型检验有一定的应用价值:国外文献报道过应用于运动员兴奋剂控制^[1]中可疑尿检样品的个体识别,国内则偶有案发现场提取到尿液、尿冰、尿斑并成功进行个体识别的案例报道。与血液、精斑、唾液等检材相比,尿液STR分型的检出率较低,主要是与尿液中的成份有关。本文重点分析人类尿液成分,分类总结目前可用于提取尿液中DNA的多种方法,分析可能影响尿液STR分型检验结果的因素。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测生物样品中百草枯及其代谢物

目的建立生物样品中百草枯(paraquat,PQ)及其2种主要代谢物monoquat,paraquatmonopyridone(MP)的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,应用于百草枯中毒案件的法医学鉴定。方法生物样品经乙腈或甲醇沉淀蛋白,使用Agilent HILIC Plus(4.6×100mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液～0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(v/v)为流动相进行洗脱,在多反应监测模式下检测。结果百草枯及其代谢物在1～1000ng/mL内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9996,最低检出限为0.34～6.00ng/mL,检测准确度为91.25%～113.44%,日内及日间精密度分别为1.51%～3.99%和1.92%～4.93%。结论本文建立的LC-MS/MS法具有灵敏度高、特异性好的特点,可应用于百草枯中毒相关案件的法医学鉴定。     

规范司法鉴定程序，完善司法鉴定制度——浅析《司法鉴定程序通则》制定及其相关内容

为了深入贯彻全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》),为了进一步规范司法鉴定活动,新制定的《司法鉴定程序通则》(以下简称《通则》)自2007年10月1日起施行。这是继2005年9月30日公布的《司法鉴定机构登记管理办法》和《司法鉴定人登记管理办法》颁布实施后,司法部出台的有关司法鉴定管理的又一个与人大《决定》相配套的重要规章。结合工作实践和思考,就新版《通则》及其相关内容作一简要分析。     

26例心脏传导系统发育异常猝死的病理学分析

目的研究心脏传导系统发育异常致猝死的病理变化。方法排除外伤、中毒及疾病所致死亡,收集26例不明原因猝死者心脏,采用作者创建的心脏传导系统取材法,常规切片、HE染色和Masson三色染色,光镜观察。结果 26例中见心传导系统有发育不全、结构异常、细胞或组织结构移位和窦房结纤维垫等病变,9例同时具有2~3种类型。16~30岁共21例,占全部样本的80.8%。结论心脏传导系统发育异常可能是不明原因青壮年猝死的重要原因之一。     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测硅藻UPA基因在溺死诊断中的研究

目的建立硅藻UPA条形码基因的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,探讨其在溺死诊断中的应用价值。方法对Gene Bank中登录的硅藻UPA基因序列进行比对获得同源序列,据其设计硅藻门通用引物。对2种人体常见共生菌(大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌)、3种浮游细菌、15种浮游藻类、32具尸体(其中生前溺水死亡28例,死后抛尸1例,陆地死亡3例)的组织样本(肺、肝、肾)及尸体发现地水样提取DNA,采用设计的引物进行特异性、灵敏度、重复性试验,分析检材中硅藻检出情况,统计硅藻阳性率,以上述组织样本的微波消解-真空抽滤-自动扫描电镜法检测结果对建立的q PCR检测方法进行比较评估,比较该方法与PCR-毛细管电泳检测法的灵敏度。结果引物UPA99仅对硅藻标准株(针杆藻、舟形藻、直链藻、小环藻、菱形藻)DNA具有扩增,扩增产物熔解曲线平稳,峰尖且窄,熔解温度为(87±1)℃。以p MD18-T重组质粒为标准品,检测区间为1.56×10~2-1.56×10^-5ng/μL,建立实时q PCR方法的灵敏度为1.56×10^-5ng/μL,而PCR-CE方法的灵敏度为1.56×10-3ng/μL。批间及批内变异系数均低于2%,具有较高的重复性和稳定性。对于生前溺水尸体肺、肝、肾的检出率依次为89.3%,71.4%,64.3%。结论基于硅藻UPA基因设计通用引物,建立的q PCR硅藻检验法特异性高、灵敏度高、重复性好,应用于溺死诊断具有较好的应用前景。     

QuEChERS方法在法医毒物分析领域的研究进展

在中毒或疑似中毒案件中,毒物鉴定对于提供侦查线索与犯罪证据、澄清案件性质、还原犯罪过程具有重要意义。基于液液萃取和分散固相萃取原理而建立起来的QuEChERS方法,由于其快速、简单、廉价、高效、可靠、安全等优势,正逐渐应用于法医毒物分析的样品前处理过程中。本文综述了QuEChERS方法的基本原理及其在提取和净化等过程中的优化改进,重点详述近年来QuEChERS方法在法医毒物分析领域的应用现状,并对未来发展方向进行展望。     

Development of forensic standards in China: a review

Forensic science is crucial for the administration of justice and case investigation.in China,political-legal organizations,including the courts,public security,procuratorate,and judicial administration,developed their own forensic practices before 2004.As a result,the frequent and repeated appraisals undermined judicial authority and credibility.Thus,a law was published in 2005 to improve the uniform forensic management system by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress,leading to the establishment of the Forensic Administration of the Ministry of Justice in 2006.During this process,the increased accreditation and interflow highlighted the role of consensus in forensic standards for forensic service providers to avoid uncertainty regarding the methods used and interpretation of results.in 2017,a policy document was promulgated again to strengthen the importance of the uniform standards,which also proposed to establish a new national technical committee for the standardization of forensic science by the General Office of the State Council.in 2018,despite the continuing problems concerning uniformity,the Forensic Administration of the Ministry of Justice was merged into the Public Legal Services Administration.Yet,there is still a long way to go for the national technical committee for the standardization of forensic science.This paper analyses the evolution of forensic standards internationally and nationally,discusses the existing problems,and proposes relative solutions.Moreover,it discusses the future of standards development with the deepening of the reformation of both the national standardization and judicial system.     

德国司法鉴定在司法中的运作及其借鉴

本文作者曾有幸参加国家外国专家局与司法部司法鉴定管理局联合组织的德国司法鉴定培训班。此文以考察见闻为基础，结合文献资料，对德国法院系统在司法审判中运用司法鉴定的实际状况进行较全面的考察。并结合中国目前司法鉴定改革的现状，提出一些个人建议。     

The possibilities for using anti-A, anti-B and anti-H immunoreagents obtained by new technology in direct and indirect immunofluorescence reactions

The authors propose to prepare group-specific immunoreagents anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H for direct and indirect immunofluorescence from non-precipitated antisera of the appropriate specificities by a new technology making use of routine bioadsorbents and synthetic oligosaccharides. The method has been developed at Research Center of Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations of the Russian Ministry of Health. The immunoreagents were tried on a vast scope of experimental and expert specimens at several institutions.     

人结合珠蛋白抗血清的制备

本文介绍了离子交换色谱及凝胶过滤色谱,从人血浆中初步纯化出人结合珠蛋白(HAPTOGLOBIN,HP)抗原,对家兔进行免疫制备出Hp粗抗血清,再经固相吸收精制获得特异性的抗Hp血清。     

血痕特异性mRNA标记研究

血痕是案发现场尤其是命案中比较常见的生物物证,而血痕的正确组织来源推断是当前鉴定工作中急需解决的问题。随着法医物证学的不断发展,以mRNA(messenger RNA)为基础的体液斑迹组织来源鉴定技术作为一种不同于传统血痕免疫学检测的新型方法,已经越加显示其独特的优越性。在该技术的基础上,实现共同提取生物物证的RNA与DNA的目标,建立体液斑迹鉴定与DNA分型兼容的方法,有利于现场重建,提高生物物证的证据效力,完善证据链。本研究建立了一个包括血痕总RNA提取、逆转录、荧光特异引物扩增、遗传分析仪电泳检测分析等步骤的血痕来源推断技术平台。实验共采集制备了40份的中国人群(女性)外周血、16份月经血样本,筛选了5个外周血标记:HBA、HBB、GYPA、SPTB、ALAS2,2个月经血标记:MMP7、MMP11,构建了一个囊括外周血、月经血特异标记的荧光复合扩增体系。结果显示mRNA技术为基础的鉴定血痕来源的方法是可行的,并且建立了血痕RNA检验的遗传分析仪结果判读方法。     

我国司法鉴定改革述评与展望

我国的司法鉴定改革自1998年正式展开。第一轮改革由司法部主导并以司法鉴定的社会化和体制统一为核心内容。第二轮改革的基本标志是全国人大常委会颁布的《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,仍然致力于司法鉴定的体制统一。但改革至今,广受诟病的多头鉴定和重复鉴定等问题依然存在。应当从《司法鉴定法》的制定、司法鉴定行政管理体制的统一、加强当事人对司法鉴定的参与和健全司法鉴定行业管理制度等几个方面进一步深化改革。     

Origin and development of forensic medicine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The medicolegal death investigation system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is unique in the world. It is exclusively derived from Islamic judiciary based on Shari'ah law, which is the definitive Islamic law or doctrine. This law is applied on Saudi citizens as well as foreigners. This is different from other Islamic countries, which have a combination of Islamic and other judiciary systems.The forensic medicine centers in KSA are related administratively to the Ministry of Health (MOH) and its subdivisions in the different governorates. They are concerned with forensic medical examination and autopsy, as well as the clinical forensic medical examination of sexual assault cases, and those injured in civil and criminal cases. The assisting laboratories (forensic histopathology, microbiology, serology, forensic chemistry) are working independently under the funding of MOH, whereas the DNA laboratory and other departments of forensic sciences, for example, counterfeiting and forgery unit are related administratively to the Ministry of Interior represented by the Administration of Criminal Evidences. Efforts concerning crime scene investigations are shared with Administration of Criminal Evidences' crime scene investigators.Forensic medicine education in KSA developed in the past few years after the foundation of Saudi specialty certificate in forensic medicine. The certificate is a postgraduation qualification equivalent to a doctorate degree in forensic medicine and requires completion of a 4-year training program in both MOH- and Ministry of Interior-related departments, as well as passing annual evaluation and examination.This review is aimed at providing in the next decade the medicolegal centers with national forensic specialists throughout the kingdom and granting skillful headships for the next generations. Moreover, this review suggests more scientific associations with the academic universities in the various fields of forensic sciences through academic cooperation.     

Identification procedures as a part of death investigation in Turkey

Forensic identification techniques include the examination of ID cards, the decedent's private belongings, fingerprints, footprints, lip marks, dental findings, red blood cell enzymes, performing photograph matching, facial reconstruction, visual identification, and DNA "fingerprinting." As part of forensic examinations, the identification of corpses that are fresh, decomposed, fragmented, or skeletonized as well as individual body parts and human remains can be requested. Identification becomes a challenging task for forensic terms particularly in mass-disaster situations. Each identification case should be considered to its own merit and the way to do that should be based on the effectiveness and cost of each method used. In Turkey, one of the major duties of the medicolegal system on the investigation of deaths is to identify the deceased if unknown.This study is undertaken to investigate the procedures, as well as their validities, used to deal with individualization of dismembered bodies directly sent to the Council of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, for autopsy and/or visual identification, as well as those received from peripheral districts for forensic identification. According to the Turkish Penal Procedural Law, a positive identification of the deceased is mandatory before performing an autopsy. According to the law, the ID cards are not taken to be sufficient for recognition of the deceased, and the major way of identification in daily practice is visual identification by a relative or any recognizant person to approve the identification to the prosecutor. If visual identification fails, fingerprints, dental x-rays or body x-rays, and DNA "fingerprinting" can be used to establish identity when compared with known records of the individual obtained by law enforcement.This retrospective study was carried out into 421 dismembered bodies, among 3063 autopsies performed in year 2002 by the Department of Morgue at the Council of Forensic Medicine, with particular insight into the identification procedures undertaken and their results. The overall negative identification rate was 30.4%, and in 1% of the cases, the visual identification by relatives were not confirmed by DNA identification and taken as misidentified.     

社会司法鉴定人和职能司法鉴定人比较评介

全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》旨在建立统一司法鉴定管理体制,然而,实践中出现的鉴定机构和鉴定人管理双轨制使《决定》的立法初衷未能实现。＂两高＂、＂三部＂《通知》试图对此予以校正,将侦查机关所属＂职能鉴定人＂一并纳入司法行政部门的登记管理体系。由此出现的社会司法鉴定人和职能司法鉴定人仍然在管理上存在差异,从统一司法鉴定管理体制的角度看,职能司法鉴定人依旧具有不合理性。     

Current medico-legal death investigation system in China

Medico-legal death investigation in China has a long history that can be traced back to the Chhin era in the third century BC. We conducted a national study on the current medico-legal death investigation system in China. Our study showed that, at present, medico-legal death investigations in China are conducted by c. 12,000 forensic medical experts mainly within five relatively independent agencies: the police organizations, the prosecutors' offices, the departments/divisions of forensic medicine/science in medical colleges and universities, the Institute of Forensic Science in the Ministry of Justice, and the government or private forensic societies. Owing to China's large population and area, the medico-legal death investigation is largely based on the administrative divisions. There is a wide variation in the scope, extent, and quality of investigations among the agencies and at the different levels of county/district, municipal, and provincial governments. This article gives a general overview of medicolegal death investigation in modern China.     

Forensic science and the law

Forensic Science today makes an important contribution to the operation of the Criminal Justice System providing evidence which could help decide the guilt of a suspect. Forensic Science is able to do so because it has developed to operate within the reality determined by the Criminal Justice System. Changes that are occurring today seem to upset the relationship between Forensic Sciences and the Criminal Justice System by the creation of communication problems. Examples of these problems exist in the changes occurring in the concept of death made necessary by organ transplants. These changes have shifted the focus from the quantity of life to the quality of life and make it impossible for the Forensic Scientist to answer honestly the questions that might be put him. The need for reforms in the law in view of social changes has been recognized and in many countries attempts at such changes are afoot. With these changes a new reality is being defined. Forensic Science, being a discipline that comes first in contact with a multitude of emergent problems, has a part to play in the definition of this reality.     

Are UK undergraduate Forensic Science degrees fit for purpose?

In October 2009 Skills for Justice published the social research paper ‘Fit for purpose?: Research into the provision of Forensic Science degree programmes in UK Higher Education Institutions.’ The research engaged employers representing 95% of UK Forensic Science providers and 79% of UK universities offering Forensic Science or Crime Scene degree programmes. In addition to this, the research collected the views of 430 students studying these degrees. In 2008 there were approximately 9000 people working in the Forensic Science sector in the UK. The research found that the numbers of students studying Forensic Science or Crime Scene degrees in the UK have more than doubled since 2002–03, from 2191 in to 5664 in 2007–08. Over the same period there were twice as many females as males studying for these degrees. The research concluded that Forensic Science degree programmes offered by UK universities were of a good quality and they provided the student with a positive learning experience but the content was not relevant for Forensic Science employers. This echoed similar research by the former Government Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills on graduates from wider science, technology, engineering and mathematics degree programmes. The research also found that 75% of students studying Forensic Science or Crime Scene degrees expected to have a career in the Forensic Science sector, meaning that ensuring these courses are relevant for employers is a key challenge for universities. This paper reflects on the original research and discusses the implications in light of recent government policy.     

现代足迹检验技术实验室的建设实践与发展

足迹是案件现场出现率最高的痕迹物证,是现场勘查中发现其他物证的关键“导航仪”,在案件侦破中发挥着重要的作用。新形势下,足迹检验技术专业受限于人才培养不足、体系建设粗疏、理论研究滞后等问题,未能紧跟时代步伐,对侦查、诉讼的支撑明显弱化。2018年,公安部物证鉴定中心与重庆市公安局刑侦总队决定共建“现代足迹检验技术实验室”,希望起到以点带面的作用,实现足迹检验技术的继承创新、跨越发展。本文主要介绍实验室的规划、组织架构、战法流程和运行机制,并对利用新兴技术推动足迹检验技术发展进行展望。