推行执法“四制”促进依法行政

为了贯彻党的十五大提出的依法治国方略，落实全国、全省、全市依法行政工作会议精神，我县决定在全县行政执法机关实行执法责任制、执法公示制、执法督察制和错案、执法过错责任追究制。所谓执法责任制就是把国家颁布的现行法律法规、行政法规、地方法规和单行条例以及国务院各部委、省人民政府制定的规章，按其内容和性质，确定执法主体，落实执法责任，强化监督检查和考评，把行政执法行为纳入规范化、法制化轨道；执法公示制，     

行政执法应注意的几个问题

随着依法治国的进程，行政执法工作取得了巨大的成就。但是，行政执法涉及面广，执法主体多且有些执法主体职能交叉，执法人员素质参差不齐，行政执法工作仍然存在一些不可忽视、亟待解决的问题。如何做好新时期的行政执法工作，认真解决行政执法过程中存在的突出问题，真正做到依法行政，不断提高行政执法机关及其执法人员的执法水平，是摆在我们面前的重大课题。     

浅议社区矫正工作中的检察监督

社区矫正是与监禁矫正并行的行刑方式，是一种以公安机关为执法主体、司法行政部门为工作主体的刑事执法活动。在我国，社区矫正作为一种刑罚执行方式，检察机关对其应享有检察监督权。应该引入合理的监督制约机制，以便于促进社区矫正工作依法、公正、有序地进行。     

监狱人民警察心理健康与监管安全

心理健康是健康的一半，良好的心理健康状况是有效工作的基础。对监狱而言，监管安全是第一位的。监狱人民警察作为监狱改造罪犯工作的主体，如果其心理健康出现问题，必然会影响其工作的顺利进行，会对监管安全产生负面影响，甚至会导致监管安全事故的发生。因此，监狱人民警察的心理健康状况必须引起各级领导的重视，通过各种措施来提高监狱民警心理健康水平。     

始终坚持检察工作的人民性

坚持检察工作人民性就是要奉行以人为本的执法理念，把人民的利益作为一切工作的出发点和落脚点，牢固树立人民群众主体地位的意识，在执法办案中相信人民、依靠人民、为了人民，使检察工作充分体现人民的愿望，适应人民的需求，维护人民的利益。     

亟须完善公路执法体制

公路行业是一个重要的窗口行业,直接面向社会,面向人民群众,与社会经济的发展和广大人民群众生活水平的提高密切相关。公路执法水平的高低,直接影响公路执法效果,关系公路部门的形象,关系到党和政府在人民群众中的威信。多年来,公路执法体制的不顺畅,极大的影响了执法工作的开展,主要表现在以下几个方面:一是执法主体呈分散化。高速公路的执法主体是高速公路管理局,国省干线的执法主体是公路管理局,县乡道路的执法主体是交通局。这种多头管理的后果造成政     

打击非法行医中实施《行政强制法》的几点困惑与思考

《行政强制法》实施后，为卫生行政部门如何规范打击非法行医提出了难题。笔者通过对非法行医行政执法过程回顾，引发《行政强制法》规定与实际执法工作中在执法主体、执法时间、实施处罚、文书送达等方面产生的困惑和引发的思考，提出卫生监督部门应准确定性、细化《行政强制法》相关内容、规范打击非法行医流程等建议，以进一步规范行政执法行为。     

要有一个独立的反垄断执法机构

我国的反垄断工作不仅要对经济性垄断行为进行规制，而且还要对行政性垄断行为进行规制，在这种背景下，尤其需要通过建立一个独立、高效、权威的反垄断执法体制，以保证反垄断法律得到有效和统一实施。为此应当对行政性垄断的执法主体、程序以及处罚原则、手段等做出合理且比较详尽的具体安排，这才是当前解决行政性垄断问     

食品安全执法主体模式研究——以宁波市食品安全执法为例

食品安全执法主体分为两类:一是单一主体执法,范围包括食品流通的整个环节,"从农场到餐厅";二是多主体联合执法,可以是按食品品种划分监管范围,可以按食品流通阶段分段监管。单一主体执法能够避免执法主体职能重复,将少执法"真空",避免多头执法等问题的出现。对于单一执法主体要设置权力监督机制,实现食品安全执法的保障功能和服务性功能。     

坚持依法行政 建设法治政府

武昌物华天宝，人杰地灵，区位优越，商贸繁荣。近年来，在武昌区委的领导和区人大常委会的监督下，区政府认真贯彻实施《武汉市执法责任制工作条例》（以下简称《条例》），结合《行政许可法》、《行政处罚法》以及国务院《全面推进依法行政实施纲要》的贯彻实施，紧密围绕执法权限法定化、执法责任明晰化、执法行为规范化、执法程序公开化、考核评议科学化、监督手段制度化等主要目标，把《条例》的贯彻落实作为提高依法执政能力和依法行政水平，建设责任政府的重要举措，取得了成效。《条例》实施的前几年曾经普遍存在的执法主体和执法依据混乱现象基本解决，执法部门之间责任不明、职权交叉等矛盾初步理顺，各级领导和执法人员依法行政意识和执政能力有所增强，执法行为和程序逐步规范，执法监督制约机制日渐完备。各行政机关运用法律手段调节经济、监管市场、社会管理和公共服务的能力水平在实践中不断提高，“遇事找法、办事依法、结果舍法”的良好习惯正逐步形成。     

论执法保障与行政执法能力的提高

依法行政的重心在于行政执法。要完成执法任务,行政执法主体必须具备相应的能力。我国当前行政执法中存在诸多问题的一个重要原因就是由于行政执法缺乏保障而致使行政执法主体的能力欠缺。因而,应加强对行政执法的保障,提高行政执法主体的执法能力。     

监狱工作宗旨论析——基于执法为民理念

文章基于执法为民理念,阐释对监狱工作宗旨的理解。文章认为,监狱工作宗旨根源于党的根本宗旨,其实质是为人民服务;“为罪犯服务”的提法因其政治上、法律上的谬误而有悖于监狱工作宗旨,而“为罪犯改造服务”的提法因其逻辑上的含混而无法正确诠释监狱工作宗旨;监狱警察履行监狱工作宗旨,应当做到牢固树立人民公仆意识,忠诚执法,自觉服务于构建社会主义和谐社会。     

Implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act in State Police and Highway Patrol Agencies: Results of a National Survey

This article provides an empirical analysis of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) implementation within the law enforcement profession. Specifically, the study reports results from a national survey of state police/highway patrol agencies regarding practical implementation of the ADA. The data is analyzed in terms of population size and collective bargaining status. Results of this endeavor indicate that implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is difficult, especially as applied to the work of sworn personnel. These challenges are somewhat diminished when applied to non-sworn personnel such as dispatchers, administrators, and clerical personnel. The most substantial obstacles to implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is not associated with political officials or administrators. Instead, most arise from the lack of training and vague legislative language and regulatory standards. Smaller states and those without collective bargaining report lower levels of accommodation; however, there are few statistically significant differences in terms of population and collective bargaining.     

The misbegotten marriage of soft psychology and bad law

The proposal to justify homicide by psychological self-defense rests on an insecure scientific foundation and would be legally mischievous. The core concepts are unacceptably vague and lack rigorous empirical support. The proposed defense is better characterized as an excuse than as a justification because rational victims of purely psychological abuse do have socially preferrable alternatives to homicide, and the proposal is inconsistent with modern criminal law that limits justifications for homicide. The defense would create substantial administrative problems and would facilitate adoption or expansion of related undesirable doctrines. The best response to abhorrent physical and psychological abuse is not unnecessary further violence, but the creation of adequate deterrents and alternative solutions for victims.     

The relationship of imagery and mental practice to learning law enforcement skills

Visualization and mental rehearsal/ practice have beem empirically evaluated in the athletic area for many years and found to be viable forms of performance enhancement. Gross motor skills and certain psychological/physiological dysfunctions are also susceptible to improvement through use of these techniques. A general overview of these concepts is presented as well as potential applications in the law enforcement context.     

Role Conflict and the Psychological Impacts of the Post-Ferguson Period on Law Enforcement Motivation,Cynicism, and Apprehensiveness

In the wake of high-profile deadly force cases in the post-Ferguson era, a number of negative psychological outcomes have been depicted by law enforcement officers. We examine if negative post-Ferguson outcomes predict current cynicism, motivation, and apprehensiveness. Further, we account for whether role orientations, specifically support for a law enforcement orientation or a community policing orientation, mediate the psychological effects of the post-Ferguson period. Since the law enforcement orientation, exercised through strict enforcement of the law, has been called out of favor in the post-Ferguson area, supporting this role may negatively impact officers via role conflict. The opposite may be observed for those supporting a community policing orientation. We test these arguments using results from an online survey of law enforcement officers in the USA, administered 6 months following highly publicized incidents in Dallas and Baton Rouge where police were targeted and killed. Results showed that post-Ferguson psychological impacts continued to affect current levels of cynicism, motivation, and apprehensiveness. Support for law enforcement or community policing orientation did not mediate the effects of post-Ferguson sentiments. Nonetheless, role orientations played a significant role in predicting current cynicism, motivation, and apprehensiveness and provided support for the theory of role conflict.     

International Community and Abuses of Sovereign Powers

International law was traditionally a horizontal and state-centric system of rules. Although state-centrism is in decline, it is still reflected in some of the core concepts and procedures governing contemporary international law. This article identifies the community-oriented values in the international community that stretch beyond the interest of sovereign states. It further explores how these values can be protected by the international community when states abuse their sovereign powers. Attention is paid to the concepts of Chapter VII powers and limitations on the authority of the Security Council, as well as the concepts of obligations erga omnes and norms jus cogens. While the latter two concepts reflect fundamental values of the international community, they cannot be used as an enforcement mechanism to address the abuses of sovereign powers. The enforcement can come from Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Notably, the concept of the international peace and security nowadays covers even seemingly purely domestic gross and systematic violations of human rights. Despite this stretch of the Security Council’s powers, the community-oriented rules also demand that its measures need to be interpreted with the framework of international human rights law in mind. The article concludes that the post-Second World War era has seen a turn away from state-centrism and toward a community-oriented international legal system. The international community has acknowledged the existence of a rights-based minimum threshold of a shared value system. However, the enforcement of this value system remains subject to state-centric procedures. There is no automatic and readily available remedy against abuses of sovereign powers.     

试论社会保障的法律保护

社会保障法律的制定,还需要强有力的行政执法手段将其贯彻落实。社会保障行政执法行为的主体是各级劳动和社会保障行政部门及法律授权行使社会保障行政管理职能的组织。据此本文提出了社会保障行政执法的主要措施、劳动和社会保障行政执法的主要形式、劳动和社会保障行政执法活动的行政监督、社会保障争议仲裁。通过社会保障的行政执法保护,使公民的社会保障权确实得到解决。     

Occupational stress and psychological functioning in law enforcement officers

Law enforcement officers experience a variety of stressors because of their police work responsibilities. The use of avoidance coping in order to cope with emotions, thoughts, and memories of traumatic or stressful events may explain increases in occupational stress and poorer psychological functioning. In this study, avoidance coping, occupational stress, and psychological distress were assessed in law enforcement officers. The sample was majority Caucasian, male, and married with a mean of 12.4 years of law enforcement experience. Results indicated that participants reported high levels of psychological distress as compared to an adult male non-patient sample. The use of avoidant coping was associated with higher levels of organizational stress. Additionally, a predictor of psychological distress was the use of avoidant coping strategies and high levels of occupational stress, respectively. Implications of these findings concerning the role of workplace acceptance in a law enforcement setting are discussed. Authors’ Note: Significant institutional support was provided by the police administration to conduct this study. The authors would like to thank all of the police officers that took their time to participate in this study. This study was funded by a fellowship from the Jim Mikawa Ethnic Minority Fund. Data collection was provided by Rebecca M. Pasillas. Natalie M. Rice. Kathleen M. Palm. Leah, M. Leonard, and Lindsay Gray.     

卫生法学专业设置现状及人才培养模式探讨

本文对国内外卫生法学专业设置的现状进行了介绍和分析，并从适应医疗卫生事业发展、满足卫生执法实际需要的角度出发，对卫生执法人才的培养模式进行了探讨，提出了最佳的解决方案。