Temporal Limits on the Legislative Mandate: Entrenchment and Retroactivity

According to the general wisdom, legislatures lack both the power to "entrench" their enactments against alteration by their successors and the power to "retroactively" undo the efforts of their predecessors. The author argues that, rather than being in conflict, these principles share a common theme. Legislatures operate as agents of the people under constitutionally defined mandates that are limited in time as well as scope. Actions that transcend—either forward or backward in time—the temporal delegation of authority conferred by periodic elections do not bind the electorate. In the first half of the article the author suggests that an understanding of the rationale behind the entrenchment prohibition can help shed light on a diverse group of issues including congressional power to prescribe internal rules of operation, constitutional amendment procedures, and legislative impairment of contracts. In the second half of the article the author takes issue with the traditional objection to retroactivity grounded on vested rights and unfulfilled expectations. In its place he proposes a theory of retroactivity embodied in republican principles concerning the temporal relationship between the people and their legislative agents.     

Fuzzy Legality and National Styles of Regulation: Government Intervention in the Israel Downstream Oil Market

This article examines the role of statute law in regulation and government intervention through a detailed historical case study of a crucial retail market. The history of state intervention in the Israeli oil supply market is dominated by "fuzzy legality," a concept expounded in a former article. Legal fuzziness allowed the industry, acting in concert with the government regulator, to retain a lucrative, practically non–accountable arrangement in changing politico–economic climates. Three central forces encouraged continuing fuzziness: a "cloud" of state security, institutional stickiness that preserved colonial mandatory legal structures, and a prevalent national culture of nonlegalism. The article ends with a careful suggestion regarding the Israeli national style of regulation. Compared to American "adversarial legalism," and its opposite, "consensual nonlegalism" the Israeli style may be termed "adversarial nonlegalism," and holds less promise for balancing market and public interests.     

The Inefficient Secret Revisited: The Legislative Input and Output of Brazilian Deputies

Shugart and Carey (1992) posit that presidential democracies in which legislators have a parochial focus of representation are electorally inefficient because voters are not offered highly identifiable choices over national policies. Such systems are driven by an inefficient secret, which is essentially a nonpartisan representation of the policy process. To check the propositions of the inefficient secret model (ISM), this article investigates the aggregation level, effect, and subject of Brazilian deputies' legislative input and output. Our empirical analysis indicates that, although some ISM‐related factors drive legislative output, there is partisanship in deputies' legislative input. This result means that the ISM underestimates the prospects for programmatic parties (especially in opposition) to emerge within systems where the electoral and constitutional rules encourage particularism.     

The Social Life of Regulation in Taipei City Hall: The Role of Legality in the Administrative Bureaucracy

This article explores the role of legality in conceptions of state and society among bureaucrats in the Taipei, Taiwan city government. When administrators confront the global arena, the existence of law emblematizes modernity and the ability to participate in the international system. In interactions among administrators, law is laden with impossible ideals and fraught with assumptions of hypocrisy. In dealings with people outside the government, legality often signals the breakdown of other, more valuable social norms. Far from legitimating administrative action, legality itself is legitimated by reference to the same values as other social action: it is held up to an ideal of consensus and cultural coherence and judged by its ability to fulfill obligations and nurture relationships. Law does not hegemonically structure administrators’ conceptions of state and society. Rather, it defines one aspect of governance at the margins of legitimacy, dependent on justification through other ethical norms.     

APP主体的立法规制

A PP相关主体规范与否直接关乎数据信息安全,关涉公民合法权益和社会公益.基于个人信息保护的不断发展,APP信息泄露问题逐渐显露出来.本文认为,应结合现有的个人信息保护立法,通过完善A PP实名制度,构建A PP相关主体备案制度,实施数据信息市场主体准入制度和第三方参与数据收集制度,以加强对个人数据信息的保护.     

The Need for Legislative Regulation of Camping as a Mass Phenomenon

For the last ten or twenty years, in habitable areas of our country, there have not been any picturesque localities, rivers, or forests not reached by the wave of camping as a mass phenomenon. Camping has not only become widespread in the developed regions, but has found its way to the most remote places. Unfortunately, neither those having the use of the land nor government agencies were prepared for this phenomenon. Scientific research in this field has not kept pace with the spread of camping, and legislation clearly lags behind the need.     

德国对冲基金监管制度研究

对冲基金起源于20世纪40年代末的美国。它是指通过非公开方式向少数机构投资者或富裕个人募集资金而设立,资产类别、投资技巧或杠杆使用不受或很少受到限制,基金经理也作为基金的一个主要投资者,具有以绝对回报为中心的业绩提成费用结构的投资资本组合。德国于2003年12月颁布《投资法》和《投资税法》对德国对冲基金业的发展及其监管做出了具体规定,首次从法律上明确允许对冲基金的发展,这对德国对冲基金市场的培育和繁荣具有里程碑的重大意义。     

疫情防控应急征用的法律风险与合法性规制

在疫情防控面临巨大物资缺口时,应急征用能够有效弥补应急储备的不足,具有必要性和正当性。但是应急征用面临着制度供给不足、征用权被不当行使的多重困境。文章着眼于应急征用的制度与实践,对征用主体权责不清、程序缺位、补偿不畅等法律风险进行分析并提出具体解决方案。     

试论商业贿赂行为的立法规范

商业贿赂行为是不正当竞争行为的一种。竞争是市场经济的产物,是市场经济最基本的运行机制,没有竞争就无法实现资源的合理配置,故市场经济是竞争经济。然而,市场本身并不能保证竞争的自由和公平,所以会伴随着不正当竞争行为的出现,商业贿赂行为亦如此。商业贿赂行为扰乱了市场经济秩序,破坏了公平竞争环境,桎梏了市场健康发展。但目前我国法律和行政规章在商业贿赂的立法规范上存在缺失和局限,需要重新审视并作出相应的调整。     

让与担保规制模式的立法论阐释

基于立法论的立场阐释让与担保制度的规制模式,主要有两种模式三种机制存在,而其中的实质性差异也决定了让与担保规制模式的理性选择.基于事物本然之法理,债权法典化的模式更符合让与担保的内在品格及担保权的发展趋势.     

The Value of the Deputy's Mandate

An experiment, especially a social one, is attended by all manner of uncertainties. We naturally expected this to be the case in the Zernograd District [in the Rostov Region], where elections were conducted on the basis of the multi-deputy system.     

和谐社会建设:法制及司法理念

和谐社会是一种稳定的社会,但在稳定中不是说没有变化,它是指变化发展中的稳定.和谐社会是指社会各要素之间的平衡状态,因而要达到和谐得使用综合的方法.但各种方法并不是均衡地起作用.其中最主要的应该是法制方法.这里的法制方法是指与和谐社会建设相适应的良好的法律规范、法律价值理念和克制宽容的司法意识形态的和谐运用.在建构和谐社会的过程中,我们应弘扬法制的妥协与克制精神,而要抑制法治的强制管理与能动的特性.我们要认真地对待规则,不要在解释中对明确的规则添加额外的含义,要充分发挥规则在和谐社会建设中调整功能.     

非婚同居的规制不会冲击结婚登记制度

结婚登记制度是非婚同居产生的制度条件,非婚同居不是对现行婚姻制度的冲击,非婚同居制度与结婚登记制度可以相得益彰。法律保护非婚同居,虽在一定程度上弱化婚姻法价值导向,但并没有动摇婚姻的主流地位,破坏家庭法目标的实现。婚姻危机无法缓解,并不能因此归责于法律承认和保护了非婚同居,而应正视和反思婚姻制度自身所面临的问题。法律对非婚同居的承认,并不排斥婚姻制度,人们根据自身的需要选择不同的两性结合方式。婚姻依然是人类自我延续和子女健康成长的必不可少的组织,应将婚姻置于优先保护的地位,赋予婚姻与非婚同居不同的待遇,婚姻家庭模式的主流地位得以巩固。     

论小公司立法规制的三种模式

进入21世纪以来,一些西方发达国家纷纷大幅度调整了公司立法,其共同特点是增强了对小公司发展的促进措施。公司法在处理小公司问题上有三种不同的模式．即特殊的公司形式、公司的替代形式以及采取“小公司优先”原则。其中”小公司优先”原则又可以采取不同的实现方式。     

The Legality of the Image

Intimate links exist between political power, law and images. Theology, philosophy and law have always developed elaborate rules about visuality. The iconophilic and iconoclastic traditions complemented one another and combined to construct subjectivity and to reconcile humanity with finitude. In modernity, law replaced religion and philosophy conceptualised legality through the aesthetic category of the sublime. The law understands the importance of the governance of images for the maintenance of the social bond and helps organise a regime of permitted images and forbidden idols which amounts to a complex legal administration of aesthetics and a related aesthetic organisation of law.     

直辖市体制及其立法规制——兼论制定直辖市法的必要性

中国近30年的体制改革本质上是一种中央主导型的改革模式,改革开放的30年历程既是中央不断向地方释放政策性资源的过程,也是中央不断向地方下放权力性资源的过程.随着中央政策性资源和权力性资源释放空间的扁平化,中国改革模式有必要从中央主导型向中央调控与地方创新结合型转变;其中,汇聚了国家政治、文化和社会等方面优势资源的直辖市,已经具备了引领中国改革向纵深发展的能力和条件,如何充分发掘和发挥这种能力和条件,并充分认识其在中国未来体制改革中的引擎性地位,将足以影响国家改革模式的转变乃至整个改革向纵深发展.为此,制定专门的直辖市法,明确和规范直辖市的宪法地位及其与中央政府的相互关系,实属时势所必需.     

论预先性自卫的合法性问题

在国家实践中出现的预先性自卫行为 ,从国际法角度看 ,既无法律依据 ,又未获得国际社会的普遍支持 ,因此预先性自卫不具有合法性     

论我国规制网络言论立法之完善

法律在规制网络言论中具有重要作用,目前世界上多数国家都有规制网络言论的法律规定。我国规制网络言论的立法覆盖面广,各领域基本做到了有法可依,但存在立法层次低、权威性不够以及法制不统一等问题。完善规制网络言论的立法,应遵循必要性原则、明确性原则和公众参与原则。国务院应加强对行政法规、规章的审查和清理工作。全国人大常委会应适时出台《网络信息管理法》和《个人信息保护法》。     

区域行政协调的立法检视与规制完善

区域行政协调已在区域公共治理中得到较为广泛的运用并取得初步成效,但也表现出以行政命令替代区域行政协调、以人情关系主导区域行政协调等失范问题。这表明区域行政协调目前更多地作为一种自觉行为而非法律行为得以实施。区域行政协调的立法存在顶层法律设计缺失、对区域行政协调实施主体规范不足、程序规定缺乏、责任条款缺位等缺陷。针对这些问题,应当从构建区域行政协调顶层法律设计、规范区域行政协调实施主体、健全区域行政协调程序、强化区域行政协调责任制度等方面着手,推动区域行政协调的规制完善。