原发性脑干出血尸检7例

本文报告7例原发性脑干出血死亡的案例。其中男性3例，女性4例。由高血压和动脉粥样硬化引起者5例。由血管畸形引起者2例。16小时内死亡者5例。5天和9天内死亡各一例。本文通过7例报告，对原发性脑干出血的发病率、病因、病理变化，死亡机理进行了复习与讨论，并提出有关法医学鉴定的注意事项。     

致死性心律失常的法医学研究进展

据文献报道,有很多心源性猝死是由于致死性心律失常所致。在法医学鉴定工作中,心律失常所引起的猝死往往很突然,尸检及镜下病理学检查又缺乏特征性的改变,使得鉴定其死亡机制成为一大难点。因此,寻找一种客观、准确的心律失常鉴定方法,对于致死性心律失常所致心源性猝死的鉴定尤为重要。本文将就上述问题,从致死性心律失常的定义、分类、产生原因、致死机制、形态学所见及死后生化检测指标等方面进行综述,以期为心源性猝死致死原因的法医病理学分析、鉴定提供帮助。     

美容致损害1例

美容引起民事纠纷案例日渐增多 ,但多为用药不当或因手术不当引起感染所致。本例报道美容损害是指洗眉后引起疤痕性脱眉 ,美容院又错误对其进行双眉主体手术切除 ,导致双眉毛完全缺失 ,致使容貌丑陋的伤残鉴定案件。1　案　例某女 ,30岁。某年 3月及 8月在某美容院行二次洗眉 ,几天后发现双侧眉部出现红肿痒痛 ,并有明显疤痕和眉毛脱失。 11月该美容院在未争得某女的同意下又带其至另一美容院作双眉部疤痕切除术 ,切除了双眉主体 ,致使眉毛无法生长。术后 3个月眉毛仍未有生长迹象。委托作伤残鉴定。法医临床学检查所见 :右眉部疤痕长 5 5…     

多层螺旋CT及三维重建技术鉴定肋骨骨折7例

本文应用多层螺旋CT及三维重建技术（MSCT）对7例肋骨骨折X线或普通CT检查漏诊和误诊案例进行诊断鉴定，现报道如下。     

6例股骨头坏死的法医学鉴定分析

股骨头坏死在临床上较为常见,在法医学鉴定中也时有发生,笔者结合近几年检案中遇到的6例,对股骨头坏死的法医学鉴定要点作初浅的分析。1案例例1:某男,63岁,1998年2月19日与他人发生纠纷,次日以“头面部、左上肢、左下肢、左胸腰部疼痛”为主诉就诊,检见面部及左肘部有皮肤擦伤,左胸部压痛,左膝上下压痛,左下肢活动轻度受限,双下肢无肿胀畸形,未作进一步检查。4月2日以右下肢活动轻度障碍就诊,5月7日要求其摄右髋关节片遭拒。11月26日摄片发现右侧股骨头变异,其内密度不均匀性增高,诊断为右股骨头无菌性坏死。1999年3月首次鉴定右股骨头无菌…     

23例急性外伤性硬膜下积液法医学分析

在头部外伤的鉴定中 ,由于缺少对头颅外伤后引起硬膜下积液的认识 ,同时在人体轻、重伤鉴定标准中未做明确规定 ,因而在分析伤情程度时 ,鉴定人员难免意见分歧 ,鉴定结论很难统一。本文对2 3例急性硬膜下积液的临床表现、诊断、治疗及有关法医学伤情程度评定问题 ,分析探讨如下     

脑积水的法医学鉴定（附1例报告）

脑积水的法医学鉴定（附１例报告）刘敏，吴家脑积水为颅脑外伤后继发病变之一，但引起脑积水的病因繁多，除颅脑外伤外，尚有诸多颅脑疾病及医源性因素均可引起，且其临床病程中症状体征变化复杂。在法医学鉴定中确定脑积水的原因较为困难，作者在工作中遇到１例，现就有...     

隐匿骨折CT明确诊断6例分析

大多数骨折通过常规的Ｘ线检查就可作出诊断 ,但在少数情况下 ,却不易显示Ｘ线骨折征象 ,以致延误诊断 ,从而造成对被鉴定人伤情的错误评定。自 1993年 6月至1998年 6月在法医技术室对常规Ｘ线检查未显示骨折 ,而伤者局部症状明显的 45例伤者给予ＣＴ扫描检查发现 6例伤者存在隐匿性骨折 ,从而对伤者的伤情给予了正确的鉴定。一般资料6例鉴定的鉴定检查情况见表 1。表 1　　 6例隐匿性骨折鉴定案例资料一览表性别年龄损伤部位Ｘ线检查伤后ＣＴ检查时间 (天 )ＣＴ检查结果男 2 1腰　椎无异常 2 0腰 4骨折男 43左　膝无异常 5左胫骨平台骨折男…     

椎间盘突出症及其法医学鉴定

椎间盘突出症的原因复杂,损伤、遗传因素、肥胖、椎间盘自身的退行性变等均可成为椎间盘突出的病因。损伤可以直接导致椎间盘的慢性或急性破坏,引起椎间盘突出,也可以在原有椎间盘退变的基础上导致椎间盘突出。在法医学鉴定中,通过仔细分析被鉴定人的年龄和职业特点、受伤方式、伤后症状和体征,结合影像学检查结果等,可对其是否存在外伤性椎间盘突出作出准确的判断。疑为陈旧性椎间盘突出的,也可通过对病史的调查及影像学检查进一步加以甄别。     

鼻骨CT扫描在法医学鉴定中的应用

本文作者统计2000～2001年间在法医门诊中遇到的涉及鼻骨骨折的21例鉴定进行分析、讨论。1案例资料1.1一般资料男性14例、女性7例，男女比例为2∶1;年龄16～50岁，平均为32岁。1.2致伤物拳头击伤16例，砖头等钝性物体致伤5例。1.3确诊时间最短者为伤后2h,最长者为伤后7个月。1.4检查手段为便于对照结果，所有案例均联合应用鼻骨X线片和CT扫描进行检查。2典型案例案例1：某男，28岁，被人用拳头致伤头面部，即至某医院就诊，诊断为头皮裂伤、右眼钝挫伤。予清创缝合。并摄鼻骨X片后出具的诊断证明书载：“头皮裂伤”（未查出鼻骨骨折）。伤…     

宝鸡市358例法医送检器官的组织病理学分析

目的 分析法医尸体检验后送检器官的病理学特征,总结此类案件的特点.方法 对宝鸡市法医送检358例尸体解剖器官标本进行常规检查并进行组织病理学诊断. 结果 358例中以青壮年男性为主,死亡原因主要为创伤、猝死、中毒.组织学能明确死亡原因250例,无典型组织学病变101例,组织自溶腐败7例.病理诊断以心血管疾病为主,其次为呼吸、神经、消化系统疾病. 结论 法医解剖具有专业特点,与病理解剖不尽相同.组织病理学检验进行死亡原因诊断时,应积极与法医沟通,以充分掌握案情、死亡经过及特定的法医病理学特征.     

Sudden, unexpected death due to undiagnosed frontal glioblastoma in a schizophrenic patient

The incidence of sudden death due to undiagnosed primary intracranial tumor is low in forensic autopsy. We report a case of a 48-year-old white male, known to be a schizophrenic patient for several years, and in whom a medico-legal autopsy disclosed a large, previously undiagnosed, bilateral frontal glioblastoma infiltrating the genu of corpus callosum. We emphasize the importance of performing complete autopsy, including a thorough neuropathological examination, in all cases of sudden unexpected death, especially in those cases in which no extracerebral cause of death had been established and whose clinical history was primarily of a psychiatric nature.     

吸毒死亡相关者组织病理学观察

目的研究吸毒死亡者的组织病理学特点,为此类案件的诊断提供有价值的参考资料。方法收集30例吸毒者尸体材料,进行系统尸体解剖和组织病理学检查,并结合吸毒者生前资料进行综合分析。结果体表注射痕迹、消瘦、窒息现象和重要器官病变与吸毒密切相关。30例中,20％死于疾病,33．3％死于毒品过量致急性中毒,26．7％在戒毒期间死亡,10％猝死,10％死于外来暴力。结论系统尸检和组织病理学观察在毒品相关死亡案例的诊断中有重要意义。     

Toxicologic analysis in cases of possible sudden infant death syndrome: a worthwhile exercise?

The diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of exclusion. At the Department of Forensic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, toxicologic analysis is performed as part of the postmortem examination of all apparent SIDS deaths. The results for the 5-year period January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1999, were audited to determine whether such routine testing was worthwhile. During this time there were 117 cases with a history consistent with SIDS. Drugs were detected in 19 (16%) of these cases. In 1 case, death was attributed to the finding of methadone. The presence of methadone was regarded as a possible contributing factor to death in a further 2 cases. The presence of possible methadone toxicity had not been expected from the history given before the examination in these 3 cases. In 114 cases there was a suitable sample for alcohol testing; in no case was alcohol detected. In 13 cases the postmortem examination revealed an anatomic cause of death (including 3 cases consistent with whiplash/shaken baby/impact head injury), which excluded a diagnosis of SIDS. In conclusion, routine toxicologic testing in all possible cases of SIDS death supplements the postmortem examination in excluding cases of non-SIDS.     

127例蛛网膜下腔出血案例的法医学研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)对保险公司的直接请求权,从而缓解了患者在请求赔偿方面的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法通过对华西医科大学法医鉴定中心1983-2001年尸检检出的127例各种原因所致的SAH案例进行回顾性分析。结果各类SAH案例,男性明显多于女性,男女性别比为3:1,高峰年龄为21~40岁。按SAH常见特征可分为外伤性、脑血管畸形、动脉瘤、脑血管粥样硬化、中毒、伴发于心脏疾患、其他等八类。其中,外伤性与脑血管畸形最为多见。外伤性SAH与脑血管畸形出血可见于任何年龄,多见于11~50岁,脑血管粥样硬化出血仅见于50岁以上者,动脉瘤破裂出血者并不多见,见于11~50岁。以SAH为死亡原因者,32例,占25%,多见于脑血管畸形与动脉瘤破裂,出血部位多见于脑底及小脑天幕以下。大多数SAH,出血部位多见于大脑表面,较为局限,出血量较少,非死亡的主要原因。结论多数SAH并非导致死亡的主要原因,SAH死亡者,其死亡性质多属自然死亡。     

Sudden Death as a Complication of Choriocarcinoma

We report the case of a young man with a history of sudden death. On autopsy, a large retroperitoneal mass was found along with secondaries in the liver and lungs. No testicular abnormality was detected on palpation. Based on histopathological examination, it was diagnosed to be a case of choriocarcinoma. Unfortunately, it was not definitively determined whether the retroperitoneal mass represents the primary tumor or secondary involvement with testes being the primary source. It is important that forensic pathologists are aware of this disease as a potential cause of sudden death. The main focus of the paper is the approach of a forensic pathologist to a case of a sudden death when an unexpected and undiagnosed tumor is found in the retroperitoneum and not much information is available about the clinical history of the deceased.     

Sudden death owing to right atrial hemangioma

Primary cardiac tumors are rare, with an autopsy incidence of 0.03%. Seventy-nine percent to 85% of primary cardiac tumors are benign, and of the benign tumors, cardiac hemangiomas account for 5-10% of cases. Most cardiac hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally at autopsy, or by echocardiography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. We report a case of sudden death owing to cardiac hemangioma in a 22-year-old woman who collapsed while shopping and became unresponsive. The autopsy revealed a hemorrhagic mass on the surface of the right atrium which was infiltrating and replacing the wall of the right atrium; histopathological examination confirmed the tumor was a cavernous hemangioma. Fewer than 20 cases of right atrial cavernous hemangiomas have been reported in English literature, emphasizing the rarity of our case.     

Sudden unexpected death in infancy and childhood due to undiagnosed neoplasia: an autopsy study

Sudden unexpected death due to clinically undiagnosed neoplasia in infancy and childhood (SUDNIC) is a rare phenomenon, with only small numbers of cases reported in the literature. In the majority of instances, the tumors involve critical structures within the heart or central nervous system and include gliomas, medulloblastomas, rhabdomyomas, and neoplasms of stromal elements. A 20-year retrospective review of autopsy records from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, was performed (1984-2003, n = 4926), and 7 cases of SUDNIC were identified (0.14%). In addition, 1 case was obtained from the files of the Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver. Diagnoses included 2 cases of acute leukemia (1 myelogenous, 1 lymphoblastic), 2 cases of mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma (pre-T cell type), 1 papillary fibroelastoma of the mitral valve prolapsing into and totally occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery, 1 medulloblastoma, 1 Wilms tumor associated with fatal intraperitoneal hemorrhage, and 1 widely disseminated gastric carcinoma. These cases demonstrate that infants and children may have minimal or no symptoms in the presence of significant disease and highlight the need for a thorough autopsy examination in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy and childhood.     

蛛网膜下腔出血的法医学鉴定

蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）按其发生原因可分为外伤性SAH与病理性SAH,其中外伤性SAH是头部外伤的常见表现形式,同时也往往是法医学鉴定的难点。本文根据法医学实际鉴定经验并参考国内外相关的文献资料,阐述了SAH的法医学鉴定要点、检查要点和死亡机制,并尝试将外伤性SAH分为脑损伤伴发性、脑底血管破裂性及局灶性SAH 3种类型以便于理解。     

Eosinophilic myocarditis from a forensic histopathological perspective

Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare and potentially fatal form of myocarditis characterized by infiltration of the myocardium with eosinophil leukocytes, often accompanied by eosinophilia. Although the exact underlying cause remains unknown, it has been shown to be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, immune-mediated disorders, infections, or cancer. Due to the differences in symptomatology, it is often diagnosed by postmortem histopathological examination. We aimed to retrospectively examine the histopathological findings of rare cases of EM and to detect accompanying cardiac and other organ pathologies. The histopathological findings of the cases that underwent autopsies between 2012 and 2020 and were diagnosed with EM were assessed. Demographic features, symptoms, causes of death, macroscopical findings at autopsy, toxicologic and microbiological analysis results, accompanying cardiac pathologies, and histopathological findings in other organs were evaluated. Myocarditis was detected on histopathologic examination in 558 (1.1%) of 49,612 forensic autopsies. There were 12 (2.3%) EM cases. There were nine males and four females. The mean age was 42.3 (3–83) years. Heart weights ranged from 82 to 564 g. The most common finding on macroscopic examination was the mottled discoloration and scarring in the myocardium. Microscopic examination revealed perivascular and interstitial infiltration of eosinophils in all of the cases accompanied by myocyte necrosis in four of them. EM was reported as the cause of death in four cases. EM remains a challenging heart disease with its obscure etiopathogenesis and varying clinical presentation and a rare entity diagnosed by postmortem histopathological examination in sudden and unexpected deaths.