网络法律信息资源的检索策略

网络法律信息资源有自己的组织方式和特点，掌握网络资源目录、网络搜索引擎两种常用的网络信息搜索工具及其使用方法，就能更好地检索法律信息资源。     

中国企业赴美并购的法律风险及其防范对策

中国企业在赴美并购过程中总存在着各种各样的法律风险。中国国有企业赴美并购时应高度重视美国的国家安全审查机制,清晰地突出国有企业的商事主体性质。而美国外资委员会引入听证会程序,应充分听取中国投资者的意见,放弃投资保护主义。中国企业要熟悉美国的公司并购规则与治理规则,明确目标公司选择符合本公司及其股东利益最大化的收购要约而并非现金出价最多的要约,是美国公司并购的常态。中美双方加快双边投资保护协定的谈判进程,就企业的国有化条款而言,应采取充分的市场化补偿标准。我国政府鼓励企业赴美并购,可将核准制改为备案制。要加快建立健全海外投资纠纷的仲裁机制,提高我国仲裁机构的国际竞争力。     

Climate Change: Legal Developments on Many Fronts

A dynamic set of diplomatic, political, and cultural forces is driving action on global climate change in many legal arenas. These include novel multi-state compacts to regulate certain emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), vigorous legislative initiatives by the new Congressional leadership, judicial actions seeking damages and injunctive relief, and private sector responses to the potential new liabilities and obligations associated with climate change. In this environment, pressure is mounting on the federal government to abandon its policy of encouraging voluntary reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt programs that will impose mandatory and uniform national emission requirements.     

Legal Change on Contraceptive Sterilisation

New and controversial medical procedures such as contraceptive sterilisation are often thought, at least initially, to be prohibited by the criminal law. This article examines how – without any formal legal intervention – contraceptive sterilisation for a consenting patient eventually became accepted as lawful in the United Kingdom. A prominent role was played by the medical profession, its organisations and its journals. A significant role was played by a little-known campaigning organisation in ensuring this legal change.     

论地方性事务——我国中央与地方关系法治化的新进展

《立法法》首次提出地方性事务概念,具有较为重要的理论和实践意义,但是到目前为止仍缺乏对其进行法律意义上的进一步界定,理论上也未见相关研究。地方性事务是指具有区域性特点的、应由地方立法机关予以立法调整的事务。目前法律和行政法规主要采取垂直式的权限分配方式,使得中央事务与地方性事务缺乏明确区分。可以综合采取事务所涉及的利益范围、事务的实施范围和事务性质三个标准判断地方性事务,并进行初步列举。     

完善律师收费制度 推进我国律师事业的健康发展

完善律师收费制度,是国家价格主管部门和司法行政部门认真贯彻落实胡锦涛总书记等中央领导同志关于律师工作的重要指示精神,加强律师制度改革,推进律师事业发展的重要措施。党中央、国务院高度重视律师收费制度改革工作,把完善律师收费制度列入了中央司法体制和工作机制改革的工作部署。在中央领导同志的直接关怀和中央政法委的具体指导下,经过国家发展改革委和司法部的共同努力,《律师服务收费管理办法》已经批准发布了。我就司法行政机关、律师协会贯彻执行《办法》,做好完善律师收费制度的工作讲三点意见。一、全面把握律师收费制度改革…     

Transnational Legal Process and State Change

This article applies a sociolegal approach to the study of transnational legal processes and their effects within countries. First, we clarify the concepts of transnational law, transnational legal process, and transnational legal order. Second, we provide a typology of five dimensions of state change that we can assess empirically. Third, we explain the factors that determine the variable effects of transnational legal processes and organize these factors into three clusters. Fourth, we introduce four empirical studies of transnational legal processes' differential effects in five regulatory areas in Asia, Africa, and South America that illustrate these points. Together, they provide a guide of how to study the interaction of transnational and national legal processes, and the extent and limits of transnational legal processes' effects.     

Continuity and Change in Legal Positivism

Institutional theory of law (ITL) reflects both continuity and change of Kelsen's legal positivism. The main alteration results from the way ITL extends Hart's linguistic turn towards ordinary language philosophy (OLP). Hart holds – like Kelsen – that law cannot be reduced to brute fact nor morality, but because of its attempt to reconstruct social practices his theory is more inclusive. By introducing the notion of law as an extra-linguistic institution ITL takes a next step in legal positivism and accounts for the relationship between action and validity within the legal system. There are, however, some problems yet unresolved by ITL. One of them is its theory of meaning. An other is the way it accounts for change and development. Answers may be based on the pragmatic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce, who emphasises the intrinsic relation between the meaning of speech acts and the process of habit formation.     

关于性别医疗变更行为的法律思考

随着社会经济和医疗技术的飞速发展,性别变更医疗行为一方面给予了个人选择自己性别的权利的可能,另一方面也给社会带来了诸如性别证明、婚姻、亲属关系、就业、社会福利等一系列法律问题。目前,我国法律对变性手术实施的对象、法律条件、法律程序等缺乏明确的法律规定,如何让“变性”、法律、社会三者相互协调,既保证公民选择自己性别的权利,又保障整个社会的协调发展以达到个人与社会的双赢,是一个值得研究的问题。我国可以借鉴在考察外国相关立法,从性别变更医疗行为的范围、条件和程序诸方面进行规范。     

Punishment's Legal Templates: A Theory of Formal Penal Change

The well‐known gap between law on the books and law in action often casts doubt on the significance of changes to law on the books. For example, the rise and fall of penal technologies have long been considered significant indicators of penal change in socio‐historical analyses of punishment. Recent research, however, has challenged the significance of apparently large‐scale penal change of this kind. This article clarifies the significance of penal technologies' rise and fall by offering an alternative account of formal penal change, introducing the analytical concept of “legal templates,” structural models of legal activity (e.g., punishment) available for authorization and replication across multiple jurisdictions. Analyzing punishment's templates explains how new penal technologies can be important harbingers of change, even when they fail to revolutionize penal practice and are not caused by a widespread ideological shift. This article locates the significance of punishment's legal templates in their constitutive power—their ability, over the long term, to shape cognitive‐cultural expectations about what punishment is or should be. This power appears only when the template is widely adopted by a plurality of jurisdictions, thereby becoming institutionalized. Ultimately, these institutionalized templates define the scope of future punishment.     

Climate Change Meets the Commerce Clause: Obstacles and Alternatives for State and Local Responses to Climate Change

Abstract

Climate change is a global problem resulting from our aggregate emissions. The United States has failed to take significant action on a federal level to address our country’s contributions. There are options available at the state and local levels to reduce emissions and to prepare for the effects of climate change. However, the commerce clause and the doctrine of federal supremacy may bar states and municipalities from adopting those strategies. This article discusses tactics to circumvent those restrictions, and potential changes to commerce clause jurisprudence that would give states and municipalities greater flexibility to act where Congress has not.