The significance of the legal term "corpse" in forensic medicine

The definition of the term "corpse" is relevant for medicine in general and most particularly so for forensic medicine, as it has direct consequences on practical work: legally, postmortems and autopsies may only be performed on corpses. With this in mind, the legal term "corpse" was examined on the basis of German State Law regulations and provisions. Approximately half the burial acts include a definition of "corpse", but even here there are certain variations. The definitions for "corpse" can be divided into four categories: 1) according to the lack of vital signs or sure signs of death 2) according to the degree of decomposition and/or cohesion of body parts 3) on the basis of severed body parts, and 4) terminological differentiation of stillbirths and neonatal fatalities from miscarriages. Laws vary greatly in their definition of the term "corpse". Therefore, the decision whether or not human remains or parts thereof qualify as a "corpse" should be left to medical discretion.     

The history of forensic medicine in times of the Weimar republic and national socialism--an approach

German Forensic Medicine established the tasks and aims of forensic medicine during the period of the "Weimar Republic" (1919-1933). Since 1925, forensic medicine is part of the medical examination regulation. In times of the 3rd Reich (1933-1945), most of forensic pathologists were influenced by and involved in National Socialism. The special subject of forensic medicine was endangered by the absence of political neutral forensic pathologists.     

The rebirth and blooming of forensic medicine, Milton Helpern Lecture.

This features a presentation by Dr. Sidney Kaye on the occasion of the Milton Helpern Lecture at the annual meeting of the National Association of Medical Examiners near Fort Myers in Florida in 1989. The author experienced the "golden age" of forensic medicine as a student and associate of Dr. Alexander Gettler in the New York Medical Examiner's Office. He also worked with Dr. Rutherford Gradwohl in the St. Louis Police Department and was one of the founders of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. He was the toxicologist in the Virginia medical examiners' system before moving to Puerto Rico. His discussion is a historical review of his experiences in developing forensic sciences.     

脑器质损伤后情绪障碍的ERP研究进展及法医学意义

颅脑损伤是导致精神损伤的重要因素,其中情绪障碍是最常见的精神症状,目前一般采用量表进行评价,缺乏可靠的客观指标。近年来采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术对情绪相关的脑电活动特征进行的研究逐步增加,该技术可能是揭示大脑的情绪加工机制的有效手段。本文综合介绍情绪相关ERP检测范式,及与情绪加工相关的N170/VPP、P2、P300、LPP、EML等ERP成分的特征与意义,希望能为在法医学鉴定中采用ERP检测情绪障碍提供参考和借鉴。     

人体不同体液内PSA含量及其法医学意义

目的检测人体不同体液内前列腺特异抗原(PSA)含量,探讨其法医学价值。方法收集成年人(19～63岁)晨尿40份(男28份、女12份)、血液58份(男45份、女13份)、唾液25份(男14份、女11份);青少年(10～15岁)男性晨尿205份;哺乳期(25～31岁)女性乳汁9份;使用Cobas e411型全自动电化学发光免疫分析系统及T-PSA定量测定试剂盒,检测各样本T-PSA含量;分析不同体液及不同年龄青少年男性尿液PSA含量差异。结果除男、女性唾液外,其它样本均可检测到PSA,其中成年男性尿液含量最高,与其它体液比较具有显著性差异(P<0.000 1);青少年男性各年龄组尿液PSA含量随年龄逐年增高,11岁及以下年龄组含量不足1ng/mL,14岁及以上年龄组可超过1 000ng/mL。结论前列腺发育成熟的男性尿液PSA含量较高,在进行精液斑的法医学检验时应给予充分注意。     

丝光绿蝇的发育速度和有效积温的实验观察及其法医学应用

根据丝光绿蝇在自然条件下的发育速度及其发育过程中的有效积温推断尸体的死亡时间。对在尸体腐败过程中最常见、国内分布极广的丝光绿蝇在自然条件下的发育速度及其发育过程中的有效积温进行观察、记录结果和统计学处理 ,分别确立了K1=2 0 880 + 0 80 14X1、K2 =5 4 0 917-2 8814X2 、K3=133 2 180 -2 6 312X3 等 3个有效积温与长度 (蛆 )和卵重的线性回归方程。应用丝光绿蝇发育速度与有效积温的回归方程 ,能比较准确地进行死亡时间的推断     

应用40Hz听觉事件相关电位和听觉脑干诱发电位客观评定听阈的研究

目的探讨40Hz听觉事件相关电位(40Hz AERP)与听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)联合应用在法医学上的意义。方法 纯音测听结果可信86耳,分为听力正常组62耳,听力障碍组24耳。40Hz AERP用短纯音,刺激频率0.5kHz、1kHz、2kHz、4kHz。20耳进行自然睡眠及清醒两种状态下反应阈测定。ABR用短声(Click)。结果 86耳40Hz AERP引出率为97.67％,ABR为95.35％。听力正常组及听力障碍组40Hz AERP反应阈均较纯音测听气导主观听阈高,在不同的频率二者差值不同,两组差值的均值无显著性差异。四个频率40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈与主观听阈回归方程的r,前者分别为0.90、0.89、0.78、0.79,后者分别为0.54、0.58、0.60、0.83。自然睡眠状态Pa-Na波的波幅明显降低,反应阈值提高。用听力障碍组反应阈代入四个回归方程,预估值与实测值接近,差值小于20dB。结论 40Hz AERP可以客观反映言语频率范围(0.5～2kHz)的听觉状况,ABR可以客观评定高频范围的听阈;通过回归方程可以用40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈客观评定听力状况;联合应用40Hz AERP和ABR可以提高客观评定听阈的准确性。     

The forensic deaths caused by pesticide poisoning between the years 2006 and 2009 in Izmir, Turkey

Pesticide poisoning is still a significant health problem in Turkey. We conducted a retrospective study of autopsy cases at Izmir Branch of the Council of Forensic Medicine to describe the characteristics of deaths caused by pesticide poisoning between 2006 and 2009. The distributions of the cases according to gender and age were as follows: men 74.1% (n = 40, mean [±SD] age, 44.7 ± 14.1), women 25.9% (n = 14, mean [±SD] age, 39.2 ± 18.9). The majority of pesticide-poisoning deaths were suicides (n = 43, 80%) followed by accidents (n = 4, 8%) and homicide (n = 1, 2%). The manner of death could not be determined in six cases (11%). Suicides mostly occurred at home (n = 26, 63%) (p < 0.05). Methomyl was the most frequent pesticide (n = 9, 17%) among the all cases. This study reported that most of the pesticides found in poisoning cases were highly hazardous types. Combined efforts of medical professionals and law makers are needed for enacting strict laws against highly hazardous pesticides.     

改革开放40年我国法医学发展的成就与展望

总结了改革开放40年来我国法医学发展的主要成就:随着法制建设的完善,公检法多系统法医体制得以恢复,并逐步规范为公安、检察司法系统法医鉴定机构和面向社会服务的鉴定机构两大体系;法医学有关法规、鉴定标准和技术规范不断完善;建立了独具特色的法医学教育和人才培养模式,人才队伍数量和素质不断提高,出现不少有造诣的专家、学者;科研立项、论文、著作和成果丰硕,在某些领域已处于世界领先地位;法医学术团体蓬勃发展,学术交流活动日益活跃。以40年的发展历史为鉴,对我国法医学事业的发展进行了展望。     

哈耶克的“自发社会秩序”观及其与马克思的分歧

哈耶克区别了自发的秩序和人造的秩序两种不同的概念 ,认为自发的秩序使社会内容更加丰富、使分散于个体的知识得到利用、使个人得以自由发展。他的这一思想源于亚当·斯密等人的古典自由主义思想及从伯克到斯宾塞、门格尔等人的进化观 ,成为哈耶克新自由主义的核心观念 ,在西方引起了很大的反响。而马克思认为自发秩序只是一种过渡性阶段 ,人类社会必须超越自发秩序 ,以获得社会和个人真正自由的发展     

The relationship between the detection of acquisitive crime by forensic science and drug-dependent offenders

Drug- and nondrug-related acquisitive crime offences such as burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft, were compared to assess whether drug abusers were more likely to be apprehended via forensic science techniques. Data were all acquisitive offences committed over a 6-year period within a police force area in England. Drug-dependent offenders committed a wider range of offence types than nondependent offenders, and they were significantly more likely to be detected via their DNA or fingerprints (p < 0.01). A logistic regression (n > 14,000) revealed a number of predictors that influence the detection of the crime by forensic techniques. The results indicate that a number of these predictors are of statistical significance; the most significant of these being drug use by the offender with sex, ethnicity, and employment status also being relevant. Age of the offender and number of offences committed were found not to be significant. Of the four hypotheses considered to explain this, the most likely was thought to be the physical and mental impact of drug use on crime scene behavior. Consideration is given to the disciplines of forensic science and forensic psychology working closely together to distinguish factors that influence crime scene behavior.     

DYS19、DYS391、DYS439三个Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增的法医学应用研究

目的　研究Y—染色体STR基因座在法医学检测中的应用价值。方法　用荧光标记DYS19,DYS391,DYS4 39三个Y—STR基因座 ,PCR复合扩增 ,通过毛细管电泳得到结果。结果　三个Y—STR基因座有较高的种属特异性 ;观察 5 0次男性配子细胞形成过程中的减数分裂未发现突变基因 ;对男∶女不同比例混合血样检测 ,当男∶女性血样比达 1∶5 0时 ,仍能准确分型Y—STR基因型 ,并且Y—STR检验较常染色体STR分型更有优势 ;检测了 1～ 15个月病理石蜡切片 ,表明Y -STR基因座适合降解DNA的检测。结论　Y -STR分型适合日常法医检案的需要 ,该方法是对常染色体STR应用的一个补充。