论法律信仰与法律权威

一、公民普遍的法律信仰是依法治国的精神先导 法律信仰“是社会主体对社会法的现象的一种特殊的主观把握方式,是社会主体在对社会法的现象理性认识的基础上油然而生的一种神圣体验,是对法的一种心悦诚服的认同感和依归感,是人们对法的理性和激情的升华,是主体关于法的主观心理状况的上乘境界。” 一个法治国家,法律能否发挥作用,能否被严格的执行和积极地遵守,重要的是看它能否为人们所接受和拥护。即取决于公民对法律的     

Regional development in Ontario

Abstract. Since 1966 the Ontario government has been elaborating a regional development program. Extensive administrative changes have been instituted to facetted the coordination of relevant provincial responsibilities and to obtain local and regional viewpoints in the preparation of regional development plans. In a major policy statement in June 1972, the government introduced several changes in the regional planning process, emphasized the important role to be played by cities, counties and regional governments, especially in the implementation of regional development plans, and proposed an accelerated program of local government reform. This article, which is based on a larger study, analyses Ontario's regional development program over the first six years, with particular reference to the adequacy of the administrative machinery involved, outlines the major changes affecting the program which have been introduced during the just half of p 1972 and offers general conclusions concerning the present adequacy and desired future direction of the program. Sommaire. Le gouvemement de l'Ontario élabore un programme de développement régional depuis 1966. Il a entrepris des changements administratifs im-portants pour faciliter la coordination des responsabilités provinciales et pour obtenir les points de we locaux et régionaux nécessaires à la mise au point des plans de développement régionaux. Dans une déclaration de politique de juin 1972, le gouvernement annonça plusieurs modifications apportées au processus de planification régionale, insista sur le rôle important qu'allaient jouer les villes, les comités et les gouvernements régionaux, particulièrement dans la mise en vigueur des plans de développement régionaux, et proposa un programme accéléré de réforme des gouvernements locaux. Cet article, basé sur une étude plus conséquente, analyse le programme de développement régional pendant les six premières années, en s'occupant plus particulièrement de l'efficacité du mécanisme administratif. Il analyse les principaux changements qui ont été apportés au programme pendant les premiers six mois de 1972 et offre des conclusions générales sur son efficacité actuelle ainsi que sur l'orientation que I'auteur voudrait lui voir prendre Bà I'avenir.     

政府失灵的成因及防范

目前,政府失灵已被公认是一种客观存在的社会经济现象。正像研究市场失灵不是为了否定市场作用一样,研究政府失灵也不是要否定政府的作用,相反,则是为了矫正和防范政府失灵,以更好地发挥政府干预经济的作用。     

检察职权之变迁与展望

随着民主化的进程,台湾地区刑事司法改革的实质内涵,几乎就是以检察职权的改革为其核心。强势美国司法文化的侵袭、审判制度长期扭曲的觉醒、政治力量的推波助澜、司法效能不彰错误的祭品等因素直接影响了检察官的职权的修正和变迁。只有在扫除黑金,打击重大犯罪上永不止步,通过树立检察官的司法公信形象,贯彻追诉犯罪角色功能,做法治国的守护人等方面加强力度,方能展现刑事司法制度全新的面貌与姿态。     

Performance management and “undesirable” organizational behaviour: Standardized testing in Ontario schools

Performance management (PM) is a major administrative mechanism for assessing efficiency and effectiveness, and for exacting accountability from organizations and individuals. Many have argued, however, that using PM in such ways creates perverse incentives and may lead to undesirable behaviours, such as the obstruction of accurate performance measurement in an effort to avoid public mortification. By examining the introduction of standardized testing in the Ontario public school system, this article adds to the debate on whether PM leads to undesirable behaviours and distorts the representation of actual performance by public sector employees. It argues that, while PM in the public sector may be well intentioned, it may generate a system that produces undesired results.     

儿童对警察权威认知的研究

实验表明儿童对警察的权威身份具有很高的认知程度,警察的权威身份会对被询问儿童产生不利影响。询问中儿童法定代理人在场,法定代理人的衩威可以对警察的权威起到制约作用,从而提高询问结果的准确性。     

Local economic development practices in Ontario

It is clear that urban economic development practices in Ontario tend to cluster in certain classifications. The most widely and consistently used practices are in the area of marketing. On average, nine out of eleven techniques are practised by the cities surveyed. Governance tools and infrastructure investments are also fairly widely employed, with an average of six out of ten uniformly used. Governmental regulations, land and property management activities, and financial tools are less widely employed, with averages of five of thirteen, four of eleven, and two of twelve techniques practised by all cities respectively. In total, cities in Ontario employ an average of twenty-five out of fifty-seven economic development techniques listed. The ten most widely practised techniques across all categories are identified in Table 6. Again, marketing activities figure predominantly. However, landbased incentives and initiatives such as land acquisition, industrial zoning and industrial parks, and infrastructure improvements also are important. Based on these findings, it appears that cities in Ontario offer a range of economic development incentives which conforms closely to those widely practised by other cities. Marketing, site acquisition, and infrastructure improvement are among the most commonly used techniques according to literature. Indeed, because much of the literature focuses on cities in the United States, this research also suggests that similar economic development incentives are offered by cities in Canada and the United States. However, financial incentives such as tax abatements, loans, and loan guarantees are notable by their absence in Ontario cities. Does the limitation on bonuses affect economic development practices in the other categories? In other words, what appears to be the result of provincial restrictions on bonuses? Based on survey results and personal interviews with a small sample of economic development officials in Ontario, it does seem that restrictions have had some impact. While common techniques do centre in the marketing and land based areas, it appears that Ontario cities are also more likely to use more innovative means of attracting economic development. For example, business incubators and training programs are utilized by over 25 per cent of the cities. Thus these techniques, often promoted in the literature as more advantageous to cities, seem to be used more widely in Ontario than in many other cities. Regulations to limit or control certain facets of development also seem more prevalent than easing governmental regulations to promote development. Finally, some innovative techniques such as awards for research and development are also evident. While many economic development officials acknowledge that provincial restrictions limit their ability to compete with other cities, particularly those in the United States (52 per cent agree), they are split over whether such restrictions are too extreme (40 per cent feel they are too restricted, 43 per cent feel that they are not). In interviews it was often suggested that such limitations do reduce the inter-city competition for development which often drives economic development policies in cities that are allowed to offer tax abatements and other incentives. Further research is warranted to explore more fully the effect of restrictions on economic development bonuses. If such limitations regularly result in practices that are judged to be effective in promoting economic development, then such policies as those contained in the Municipal Act appear promising.     

儿童权威认知与警察询问研究综述

国外最近的心理学研究成果表明 ,警察的权威身份会增加儿童证人、被害人在接受警察询问中被误导的可能。对这一方面的研究在国内相当缺乏 ,需要对国外理论界在这一方面的研究成果进行简单的概括 ,并在此基础上结合我们的实际情况提出研究方向。     

警察行政处罚权与人权的博弈

随着法治现代化的不断推进,人权保护逐渐成为当今社会发展的主题之一,警察行政执法领域中的人权保护更是受到社会的普遍关注。警察行政处罚权是“限制”还是“扩大”是正在审议中的《治安管理处罚法》讨论的焦点。在现代社会,警察作为管理者的强大权威,在其执法过程中不断暴露出来的对公民人权的侵犯。这个问题越来越成为社会关注的焦点,人们对警察行政处罚权的“扩”还是“限”的问题展开了广泛的博弈。从某一个层面上讲,博弈的目的就是为了在扩权和限权之间寻找合理的平衡。     

Regulatory agencies and accountability: an Ontario perspective

Abstract: This article offers a reappraisal of the conventional wisdom surrounding the understanding of governmental control of quasi-judicial regulatory agencies. Authors such as Hogget's and Schultz contend that such agencies exhibit serious deficiencies regarding such control, leading these agencies to be categorized as irresponsible. This article, through studies of major Ontario agencies, finds the conventional wisdom to be weak in explaining the power relations between the agencies and the Ontario government. An instrumentalist view of these relations is thus insufficient; rather, this viewpoint needs to be augmented with an administrative-cultural approach to fully understand the power relations at work. Sommaire: Cet article réévalue la sagesse conventionnelle entourant la perception du contrôle que le gouvernement a sur les organismes de réglementation quasi-judiciaire. Des auteurs comme Hodgetts et Schultz prétendent que les organismes de ce genre présentent des lacunes sérieuses au niveau dudit contrôe, au point qu'on peut les qualifier d'irresponsaliles. Dans cet article, qui se fonde sur des études d'organismes de première importance en Ontario, on relève des faiblesses au niveau de la sagesse conventionnelle pour expliyuer les relations de pouvoir entre les organismes ontariens et le gouvernemerit. Une vue instrumentaliste de ces relations est par conséquent insufisante; il faudrait la doubler d'une approche administrative et cultiirelle pour comprendre pleinement les relations de pouvoir qui s'exercent.     

生态文明视角下的资源节约和环境保护

我国的基本国情决定了必须把资源节约和环境保护作为一项基本国策,力争以较少的资源和环境代价支撑和实现国民经济又好又快发展。因此,要完善节约能源资源和保护生态环境机制、政策体系;推进科技进步和创新,加快发展循环经济;加强环境污染防治,大力发展环保产业,全面改善城乡生态环境。     

Explaining the use of planning consultants in Ontario cities

Consulting firms providing policy advice to governments is a widespread phenomenon. This article asks why municipalities employ urban planning consultant firms to advise on public sector projects. Municipal employees from 19 mid‐sized Ontario cities responded to online survey questionnaires asking for their opinions on why urban planning consultant firms are hired by their cities. In testing four hypotheses, this study found functionalism (the need for expertise because of a lack of in‐house talent or time) to be the strongest explanation for this phenomenon. In addition to a lack of staff time and resources, the ideational hypothesis — perceived specialized knowledge and expertise of consultants — was also found to be relevant.     

教授的学术权威与现实困境研究

教授的学术权威是由其学术水平与学术贡献所决定的一种专业权威,它具有专业性、自愿性与动态性的特点。教授学术权威的内在生成逻辑在于学术共同体对高深知识的虔诚而赋予知识渊博者的一种权力,是学者的自愿服从、是大学生内心深处产生的对教授学识的敬仰。教授的学术权威对学术共同体具有引导、凝聚之功效;对大学生具有示范、激励作用;对暴力权威、资本权威有制衡作用。但当下教授自身存在的学术霸权、学术不端与学术功利．影响了教授的声誉与威望,需要采取有效措施,摆脱困境。     

探索树立司法权威与寻求司法为民的新路径——关于实现量刑均衡及民俗习惯引入审判改革实践的述评

最近以来,我国司法改革问题越来越多地受到社会公众的关注,其中规范量刑及民俗习惯引入审判作为转变司法理念的生动体现,成为推进司法改革的有益探索。各级司法机关都在积极寻求与我国国情相符合的司法运作模式,其问不乏卓有成效者。因此,结合司法实践和刑法理论,对实现量刑均衡及民俗习惯引入审判的改革实践作出述评,对于树立司法权威与寻求司法为民的新路径有着重要的借鉴意义。     

Executive and legislature in Ontario: a case study on governmental reform

Abstract. In pursuit of the search common to many governments for a more rationalistic approach to policy-making, Ontario in the 1970s engaged in massive restructuring of its executive and administration. As that was nearing completion, a more modest essay at reform of the legislature was undertaken and is still in progress. The central argument of this paper is that the dominant drive on the executive-administrative side was to reduce rationality to technocratic efficiency (though more recent developments have offset that trend to an extent), while legislative reform to date has at best been a small beginning at reducing executive dominance over the legislature (though a potential is noted at the end of the paper for enhancing the legislature's role). Moreover, the two reform movements have so far followed parallel rather than intersecting courses, thus leaving the basic democratic issues of responsiveness and accountability largely untouched. Sommaire. Dans sa recherche d'une approche plus rationnelle pour l'établissement des politiques, recherche qui est commune à bien des gouvernements, l'Ontario s'est lancé en 1970 dans une restructuration massive du gouvernement et de son administration. Celle-ci éant presque terminée, il tenta plus modestement de reformer le Parlement et cette réforme se poursuit à l'heure actuelle. La thèse de l'auteur de cette communication est que le principal effort du côte du gouvernement et de l'administration a consistéà ramener la rationalisation à l'efficacité technocratique (bien que les développements les plus récents aient renversé la vapeur dans une certaine mesure), alors que jusqu'ici la réforme du Parlement a tenté timidement de réduire la domination du gouvernement sur le Parlement (bien que l'auteur mentionne à la fin de l'exposé la possibilité d'accroître davantage le rôle de la législature). De plus, les deux mouvements de réforme ont suivi jusqu'à présent des routes parallèles, ce qui laisse pratiquement intactes les questions fondamentales de la responsabilité et du contrôle.     

Policy implementation in multilevel environments: Economic development in Northern Ontario

Abstract: Recent research on policy implementation has focused on policy intervention across multiple jurisdictions with large numbers of actors, loci and layers. The present study seeks to contribute to this endeavour by weaving together theoretical insights drawn from conventional policy implementation, organization theory and governance. The effectiveness of the integrated framework is verified by examining the economic development efforts of the Canadian government in Northern Ontario over the past two decades, focusing on how the federal government's main economic development agency engages with its provincial and local counterparts, as well as with organized community and private‐sector groups within the region.