认定滥用职权罪、玩忽职守罪危害后果的思考

渎职罪中很多具体犯罪都以发生特定的危害结果为构成要件，例如，滥用职权罪、玩忽职守罪都是典型的结果犯。渎职罪的危害结果，是指渎职行为对国家机关的正常管理活动以及公共的或公民的合法权益所造成的具体侵害事实。渎职行为的多样性、     

滥用职权罪研究

滥用职权罪是1997年修订刑法新增设的一个犯罪,原刑法没有规定滥用职权罪。在过去长期的司法实践当中,严重的滥用职权的行为都被当作玩忽职守罪的一种表现形式来加以对待。的确,滥用职权行为与玩忽职守行为在犯罪的构成要件方面有着许多相近和相似之处,但是二者毕竟是两种不同的犯罪行为,有着本质的区别。因而把滥用职权的行为当作玩忽职守处理,也只能是权宜之计。因此,在1997年刑     

渎职相关犯罪之间的界限与竞合

《刑法》第397条中＂本法另有规定的,依照规定＂,并非特别关系法条竞合适用原则的重申,而是一种重法适用的指引和提醒,属于注意性规定;行为同时符合普通渎职罪与特殊渎职罪构成要件,以及行为不符合特殊渎职罪构成要件,但符合普通渎职罪构成要件的,可以转用普通渎职罪定罪处罚;滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪之间存在竞合,必要时可将滥用职权的行为事实评价为玩忽职守罪;特殊渎职罪之间存在广泛的竞合,竞合时从一重处罚;渎职罪与故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪、非法拘禁罪、刑讯逼供罪、虐待被监管人罪、敲诈勒索罪等相关人身犯罪、财产犯罪之间可能存在竞合,从一重处罚即可。     

滥用职权罪客观行为的判定

刑法条文对滥用职权罪客观行为要件作出简单罪状式的规定使得理论上对何为"滥用职权"认识很不统一,这也导致司法实践中对其把握上的模棱两可。这种模糊认识最直接的后果就是可能导致随意出入人罪。滥用职权罪可由不作为构成,超越职权的判断无须具备"本权"相对应,可以认为行为人具有一般的职务权限并且其超越职权行为利用了其应有的职权的便利进而造成重大损失的即可认定为"超越职权"。不作为的滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪的关键区别在于行为人的主观方面不同,应当准确区分不作为滥用职权罪与故意杀人罪的不同。     

因果关系在玩忽职守罪中的具体运用

我国刑法第九章所规定的渎职罪是指国家机关工作人员滥用职权、玩忽职守，妨害国家机关正常活动，致使国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的行为。渎职罪涉及刑法23个条文，规定了33种罪名。如果以主观上是故意还是过失来划分，可以将渎职罪分为两类：一类是滥用职权罪，一类是玩忽职守罪。玩忽职守罪因玩忽职守行为侵害的对象不同又细划为9个具体罪名。由于每个罪名的犯罪构成的基本特征相同，所以本文将玩忽职守这一类罪作为一个整体加以分析论述。     

滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪应分条立法

刑法第397条规定:“国家机关工作人员滥用职权或者玩忽职守,致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的,处3年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;情节特别严重的,处3年以上7年以下有期徒刑。”该条是刑法对滥用职权罪和玩忽职守罪的规定。笔者认为,滥用职权罪的定罪标准不应当与玩忽职守罪相同。同一条文规定两个以上犯罪的情形,为排列式罪名或者选择性罪名。排列式罪名的罪与罪之间行为无内在联系,但侵犯的客体相同;选择性罪名的罪与罪之间有内在联系,且罪质相同。但无论是排列式还是选择性罪名,既然刑法将其规定在同一条文,适用相同的法定刑,它们的…     

过失型渎职罪中的因果关系研究

渎职罪在我国刑法中是作为类罪概念出现的,包括三种类型：滥用职权罪,玩忽职守罪,徇私舞弊罪。从行为的性质看,滥用职权、徇私舞弊属于故意犯罪,玩忽职守属于过失犯罪。滥用职权、徇私舞弊一般表现为作为型犯罪,玩忽职守一般表现为不作     

滥用职权罪相关问题之思考

滥用职权罪从 1 979年刑法典的玩忽职守罪分离而来。现行刑法典以一条两款之形式 (第 397条第 1、2款 )规定了玩忽职守罪与滥用职权罪的基本犯和加重犯的情形。① 关于滥用职权罪 ,学界争议纷陈。理论的微小偏差导致司法实务中执法的任意与悖谬。因此 ,结合立法与司法实践 ,学理探究滥用职权罪的诸多争议问题 ,对澄清理论认识 ,指导司法实践都极具意义。一、“重大损失”及滥用职权罪客体认识(一 )“重大损失”———客观超过要素抑或客观处罚条件刑法典第 397条规定 ,重大损失是构成滥用职权罪的必要构成要件。滥用职权行为必须造成重大损…     

滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪的异同

修订后的刑法第九章“读职罪”第三百九十七条，除保留了原刑法第一百八十七条玩忽职守罪的规定外，还根据司法实践，在该条中增加了滥用职权罪，并对因河私舞弊，犯滥用职权罪或者玩忽职守罪的，单独规定了较重的刑罚。在学习过程中，笔者发现，对滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪的犯罪构成，两罪的主观方面、客观方面的区别以及两罪的异同等等，常常“仁者见仁、智者见智”，认识不一致。玩忽职守罪和滥用职权罪，均是国家机关工作人员的读职犯罪，是人民检察院今后重点查办的案件，弄清二者的区别和联系，区分两罪的犯罪构成，对于检察机关准确适…     

危害食品安全罪犯罪构成新探简

危害食品安全罪的犯罪构成应按渎职型危害食品安全罪和非渎职型危害食品安全罪分而论之。非渎职型危害食品安全罪的单位主体须是合法主体：渎职型危害食品安全罪的犯罪主体可以是依法代行国家机关职权的受托人员。危害食品安全罪的犯罪客体具有复杂性，但其主要成分应是公共安全。无论是渎职型危害食品安全罪，还是非渎职型危害食品安全罪，其犯罪主观方面既可以是故意。也可以是过失。非渎职型危害食品安全罪的因果关系应运用“科学法则”予以把握．而渎职型危害食品安全罪的因果关系应在渎职罪的因果关系范围内予以解答。非渎职型危害食品安全罪的行为类型应增设储存、运输行为。对非渎职型危害食品安全罪的行为对象，我们应在结合“规范解释”、“目的解释”以及“类型化解释”中予以把握，而渎职型危害食品安全罪的行为对象不再是“不安全食品”而是非法经营“不安全食品”的行为本身。     

刑法若干条款罪数形态之分析

《刑法》第120条第2款包含牵连犯的情形,实行数罪并罚;第157条的走私罪与妨碍公务罪构成牵连犯,应实行数罪并罚;第171条第3款中伪造货币并出售或者运输的,构成牵连犯,择一重罪从重处罚;伪造货币后使用自己伪造的货币,构成牵连犯,使用假币视为事后不可罚行为;第196条第3款中出于非法占有财物的目的,行窃中得到财物同时意外得到信用卡后使用的,应以盗窃罪和信用卡诈骗罪并罚;第198条第2款属于兼容犯,实行择一重罪从重处罚。     

渎职犯罪型过失的种类划分

本文以犯罪过失分类方法为基础,突出渎职犯罪型过失的特点,将渎职犯罪型过失划分为职务上的疏忽大意过失与职务上的过于自信过失,职务事实过失与职务法律过失,职务纯正过失与职务非纯正过失。     

Self-serving aspects of social cognition among adult offenders

Abstract

The different cognitive beliefs about offending exhibited by offenders are discussed. The question addressed in this paper concerns the extent to which beliefs and social knowledge about offending differentiate between different characteristic types of offending (drug abuse, theft, sexual and violent). Two hundred and ninety adult male prisoners in four Taiwanese prisons provided self-reported criminal histories. From these a crime index indicative of the proportion of offences of each type (or specialism in offending) was calculated for each offender. Offenders legitimize their own offending while they tend to regard the offences of others negatively. In this way, cognitive representations may reinforce an offender's specific pattern of criminal acts while also insulating them from pressures towards other criminal activities. Evidence is presented that offenders' social knowledge development is consolidated around crime themes.     

Risk assessment with intimate partner sex offenders

Abstract

Risk assessment with any offender presents a number of challenges. However, risk assessment with offenders who have committed offences against their partners presents practitioners with a number of additional challenges. Intimate Partner (IP) sex offenders are reported to be responsible for the majority of adult serious sexual offences in England and Wales. However, despite calls for a unified approach to sex offender theory there has been little integration between this and the IP and family sexual violence literature. This paper summarizes the relevant literature on prevalence and cross over of sexual abuse by IP offenders, patterns of abuse, generality of offending, psychopathology and risk concerns (including risk of intimate partner homicide). Based on this, recommendations are made for best practice with IP sex offenders.     

Criminal Liability of Directors of a Private Limited Company Seated in Germany

During the last decade, a great number of German businesses formed private limited companies by shares in England and transferred the company’s real seat to Germany in order to avoid the minimum capital rules for the German limited liability company. The discrepancy between the place of registration and the real seat leads to questions about the criminal liability of company directors under English and German law. This article shows that English courts have jurisdiction over certain offences regardless of the place the director acted. In particular, he may be convicted for failing to comply with statutory duties under the Companies Act 2006 as well as false accounting or false statements under Theft Act 1968 ss. 17, 19. With respect to German law, the company law reform of 2008 explicitly imposed the duty to file for insolvency on directors of foreign corporations. Also, the criminal offence for failing to file for insolvency in § 15a (4) of the Insolvency Code is compatible with the freedom of establishment under European law. If the director causes a financial loss to the company by breaching his director’s duties, he may be convicted for breach of trust under § 266 of the Criminal Code regardless of the fact that the relevant duties are regulated by English law. The German Federal Supreme Court recently held that recourse to English company law in order to establish a criminal breach of trust does not violate the principle of legal certainty in Article 103 (2) of the Basic Law. Furthermore, German bankruptcy offences may apply if the director violates the authoritative English accounting standards.     

Trends of indecent images of children and child sexual offences between 2005/2006 and 2012/2013 within the United Kingdom

Abstract

Little is known about the trends of indecent images of children (IIOC) offences, as UK criminal justice figures are unavailable within official crime data. This study aims to explore the rates of conviction and the relationship between IIOC offences and child sexual abuse offences from 2005/2006 to 2012/2013. The results indicated a continuing increase in offences of take, permit, distribute IIOC, rape of a child under 13, sexual activity of child under 16 and abuse of children through prostitution or pornography. Six out of a possible 17 correlations were significant, with the strongest correlation found between take, make, distribute IIOC and rape of a female under 13. Explanations for the findings are discussed and the utility of comprehensive prevalence figures for different stakeholders involved in addressing this crime issue.     

Sequential angulation,spatial dispersion and consistency of distance attack patterns from home in serial murder,rape and burglary

Abstract

Three related measures of spatial movement (sequential angulation, spatial dispersion and consistency of distance in attack target) were compared across three serial offence types: serial homicide (n=35), serial rape (n=41) and serial burglary (n=30). In each case, each offender had committed at least five offences. “Spatial dispersion”, defined as the extent to which an offender distributes his offences across either a focused or relatively more evenly distributed area, revealed that burglary was less evenly distributed (i.e. more focused) than rape and murder. “Sequential angulation”, defined as the degree of rotational movement around the home of the offender from one offence to the next, revealed that serial murderers have higher angulation scores than do rapists who, in turn, have higher angulation scores than burglars. Lastly, a comparison of the offender's consistency in the relative distance travelled from home to each attack site (“consistency of distance in attack target”) was relatively similar across the three groups. This was despite the comparison of different serial offence types from disparate geographical areas. The supposition that differences in dispersion and sequential angulation scores across crime types are related to the perceived risk of the crime has been confirmed. The specificity and the mobility of the targets are also discussed.     

“公务”视角下的渎职犯罪主体之认定

渎职罪主体是国家机关工作人员,把握其本质特征的关键是界定行为人所从事的公务。渎职罪主体可分为纯正国家机关工作人员和非纯正国家机关工作人员两类。行为人所从事公务的性质是认定渎职罪主体的核心要素,履行职责不因个人身份和单位性质的不同而改变主体的性质。