刑事诉讼视角下辩护权界说

在现代刑事诉讼中,被指控人的辩护权是一项贯穿始终的诉讼权利,主要表现为根据事实和法律提出和论证对被指控人有利的材料和理由,在实体上反驳指控,提出证明被指控人无罪、罪轻、应当减轻或免除其刑事责任的材料和意见,以及在程序上主张被指控人所拥有的合法的诉讼权利,防止其受到不公正的待遇和不应有的侵犯。但是由于司法理念和制度的弊端使得我国现实层面的辩护权呈现出与应然状态的脱节与偏离,因此,立足现状,改革与完善我国的刑事辩护权就显得尤为重要。     

精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关问题

为了探讨精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关理论 ,解决合同能力鉴定中鉴定标准混乱的问题 ,对合同能力鉴定的法律基础、标准、民事行为能力与民事权利能力的区别 ,民事行为能力的广义、狭义区分进行了论述。提出合同能力鉴定的核心问题是意思表示的真实性 ,主张将合同能力分为有、无两级 ,强调合同能力的分级与民事行为能力的等级存在区别。并提出合同能力鉴定的程式为 :首先判定其行为能力 ,有行为能力相应具有合同能力 ,无行为能力即无合同能力 ,限制民事行为者 ,应根据年龄、智力、精神健康状况、生活关联度 ,再分为有合同能力、无合同能力。     

未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

论危害社会治安犯罪的惩治与预防

惩治危害社会治安的犯罪 ,是维护社会稳定、保障改革开放深入进行的必要之举 ,也是依法治国的重要内容。当前严重危害社会治安犯罪的主要特征是 :突发性、暴力性、有组织性和内外勾结型。为了有效打击严重危害社会治安的犯罪 ,促进社会治安的根本好转 ,在总结以往经验和不足的基础上 ,确立科学的惩治与预防严重危害社会治安犯罪的对策是非常必要的。这些对策应包括 :坚持依法、公正和效率原则 ,注重保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权利 ;明确打击重点 ,针对不同性质的犯罪采取不同的措施 ;打击与反腐败相结合 ;化解民事矛盾 ,消除诱发因素 ;打击与预防相结合 ,完善综合治理体系     

合并与分离:刑事附带民事诉讼制度的反思与重构

刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法目的在于减轻诉累 ,提高诉讼效率 ,保证正确处理刑事案件 ,维护司法判决的统一性和严肃性 ,维护国家、集体财产利益以及被害人的合法权益。但随着法制建设的不断进步 ,民事实体和程序法律的不断完善 ,刑事附带民事诉讼制度的实践价值受到质疑。同时由于我国在立法规范和制度设计上的缺陷 ,导致附带民事诉讼缺乏独立性、救济范围过于狭窄 ,从而造成了对被害人的利益保护不足。因此 ,总结我国的立法和司法实践 ,借鉴各国立法经验 ,强化刑事案件民事赔偿救济程序的独立性 ,逐步实现刑事诉讼与民事诉讼的分立 ,将成为重构我国刑事附带民事诉讼的立法趋势     

权利与原则:撩开说话的法律面纱

说话权利的保护程度表征着一个国家的民主、开放和宽容.综观人类在说话方面的权利及其法律原则,我们可以将其归结为:可以说话的权利与事先限制之禁止原则;说真话的权利与真实抗辩原则;说真实谎言的权利与真正的恶意原则;说意见性言论的权利与合理评论原则;不说话的权利与精神自由原则;要求说话的权利与媒体接近原则;用行为说话的权利与背景限制原则.     

Characteristics of young children exposed to violence: the safe start demonstration project

The Safe Start demonstration projects, funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) under the first phase of the Safe Start initiative, are primarily designed to influence change at the systems or macrolevels to reduce the incidence of and impact of exposure to violence for children aged birth to 6 years; direct services are also provided to young children and their families who were exposed to violence. The data presented in this article come from 10 communities that submitted data regarding the characteristics of young children exposed to violence to OJJDP. These data represent families who are typically not represented in the databases of state child protective services programs but instead have been identified by domestic violence advocates, early care and education providers, family members, court personnel, police, and other social service personnel as families with young children in need of intervention due to violence exposure.The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics of young children and their parents who seek help for psychosocial problems related to exposure to family and community violence. Results indicate that one quarter of the children and nearly half of their parents evidenced clinical levels of stress, suggesting the need to intervene at the family level as well as at the individual level when working with young children exposed to violence. The information presented, including the extent of exposure to violence, the multiple types of violence to which children are exposed, the impact of this exposure on young children and their families, and the multiple ways in which families exposed to violence come to the attention of service providers is useful for policy makers and service providers who are interested in breaking the cycle of violence by meeting the needs of the children exposed to violence and their families.     

隐私权保障三论

隐私权是近年来发展较快的一项人格权,受到各国以及国际社会的普遍重视,但我国对隐私权的关注和研究起步较晚,在理论与实践中有许多问题亟需澄清。有必要从比较的视野研究域外隐私权的保障依据、保障界限以及保障模式,目的是在比较和借鉴中为中国隐私权保障的制度建构提供理论基础,并结合中国的国情提出完善的建议。     

论气候变化语境下的国际服务贸易法适用问题:以一般例外规则为视角

各国日益重视采用服务贸易措施应对气候变化,我国WTO服务承诺亦与气候变化相关。因措施通常视成员是否承担减排义务而给予不同待遇,容易违反非歧视原则,一般例外是判断措施合法性的关键。一般例外适用于气候变化时将面临措施性质认定、必要性测试、发展中成员可否利用引言获得特殊待遇等诸多难题。为确保一般例外适用的可预见性并妥善平衡贸易与气候变化,需强化贸易与气候变化的相互支持,解决一般例外法理的连贯性不足等缺陷,避免僵化解释,力争规则更新修改。     

Blood and blood components; error and accident reports--Food and Drug Administration. Proposed rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to amend the biologics regulations concerning blood and blood components to require the submission of certain error and accident reports to the agency by licensed and unlicensed blood etablishments. These reports of error and accidents are being limited to those related to the issue of hepatitis-reactive blood and blood components and the accidental infusion of the wrong red blood cells to a donor during plasmapheresis. Certain other reports of error and accidents would no longer be required to be submitted to the Director, Bureau of Biologics, by these blood establishments. The agency is also proposing to amend the current good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations for blood and blood components to provide a uniform procedure for reporting and maintaining these records.     

城市化升级转型中的社会保障与社会法

从中国城市化当前遭遇的现实问题出发,参照欧美先行城市化国家的经验教训,中国的城市化面临着升级转型的需要,即由市场主导的城市化形态向市场与社会保障并重的城市化形态过渡.城市化升级转型中发展社会保障、社会法的关键,是区分和协调经济领域市场化和社会民生领域非市场化之间的关系,并将民生权利化、法律化.城市化在需要社会保障与社会法的同时,也在为社会保障与社会法的建立和运行提供支持.中国城市化的升级转型,需要重视社会主义原则在民生领域的重要性,加强社会法的独立法域建设.     

论捕后羁押必要性审查——以新《刑事诉讼法》第93条为出发点

新《刑事诉讼法》增加的捕后羁押必要性审查制度，是人权保障理念在刑事诉讼领域的落实和展开，是对权力制衡理论和比例原则的顺应，将有助于防止超期羁押和随意羁押。但新《刑事诉讼法》对捕后羁押必要性审查机制的规定过于原则，需要从审查主体、程序的启动、运行以及救济等方面进行细化。为了使捕后羁押必要性审查机制有效运作，需要采取一些配套措施，如加强侦查取证能力以切断对羁押的依赖，加强部门合作拓展必要性判断的信息来源，探索羁押必要性判断方法的客观量化和判断主体的专业化等。     

Gatekeeping by Allegations: An Examination of Verified,Unfounded, and Fabricated Allegations of Child Maltreatment Within the Context of Resist and Refusal Dynamics

Allegations of child maltreatment and neglect, including child sexual abuse, in the context of child custody disputes pose particular challenges for child protection services, family law professionals and the courts to identify children at risk of harm, as well as children impacted and exposed to other risk factors. Accurately identifying child maltreatment requires assessing the background, the history and the context of the allegations in order to differentiate confirmed, unfounded, and fabricated allegations. The paper provides a review of the history and current understanding of allegations within the context of child custody disputes by considering the connections of fabricated allegations to the theory of alienation and the role of gatekeeping. The paper then examines the social science literature regarding allegations within child protection investigations (the prevalence, types of maltreatment, reporter of allegations, and case outcomes) and explores the factors that have contributed to the challenges faced by child protection services to investigate and make determinations regarding allegations within the context of child custody disputes. We argue for early assessment protocols for child protection services to screen child custody cases, to differentiate allegations of alienation from other types of harm, to enhance role clarity in these volatile situations, to refrain from “taking sides” and to work collaboratively with the family law community. Lastly, we offer legal implications to improve collaboration between child protection services and the family law field to better respond to these complex cases.     

论问题引导型法学教学模式

法学知识不仅可以而且应该在“问题”的引导下进行传授。所以,我国的法学教育必须实现从“知识灌输模式”向“问题引导模式”的转变。“问题引导模式”的内核在于问题意识和创新精神的培养。在教师自身具备问题意识和创新精神的前提下,“问题引导模式”的实施还应该把握以下几个方面：要求学生预习教材;引导学生关注实际问题;因地制宜选择教学方法;掌握提问技巧;消除权威意识。     

反恐怖行动中法律战的有效运用

在反恐怖行动中,为最大限度发挥法律战的功效,达到"师出有名""不战而屈人之兵"的目的,需要灵活运用法律战战法。本文从先声夺人,主动出击,占领法理道义的制高点;瞄准要害,针锋相对,增强法律打击的影响力;因势利导,有效防范,提高法律防护的针对性等三个方面,对反恐怖行动中如何有效运用法律战进行了探讨。     

Protecting Journalists’ Sources Without a Shield: Four Proposals

Journalists’ right to protect the identities of their confidential sources relies on an inconsistent set of court decisions based on constitutional and common law interpretations and state statutes. Efforts to bring some consistency to federal law through the passage of a shield law have stalled while journalists face new threats because of the vulnerability of their communications to discovery and monitoring by third parties. Also, the entry of non-professional communicators into the news ecosystem is causing courts to reevaluate and redefine long-standing protections. This article proposes four ways that sources could be better protected from unmasking without the passage of a shield law: improving whistleblower laws to better protect people who report illegal or unethical actions to the media; vastly reducing the number of government secrets to make “leaking” less attractive or necessary; changing legal strategy to focus on protecting the anonymity of sources instead of the rights of journalists to keep secrets; and more widespread and intelligent use of encrypted applications and software could all improve the security of journalistic sources. Because of the complexity of amending multiple whistleblower protection laws and changing the government’s document classification system, the article argues that the best solutions may be to persuade news organizations to change legal tactics and to use better encryption technology.     

行政法的治理逻辑

与国家管理模式相契合的行政法,因过分夸大公私益紧张关系,过分强调行政优益性,过分聚焦行政行为,过分重视命令-服从,导致行政法逻辑的扭曲和行政法制化正当性的削弱。正在崛起的公共治理模式要求确立一种因认同而遵从的行政法治理逻辑。为此,第一要反思行政法的治理机理,通过维护公共理性来助成解决私人选择失灵问题,从收用行政、给付行政、秩序行政和合作行政四个方面统筹重塑公私交融的行政法利益基础。第二在"还原"行政法行动场域的基础上,依靠针对性的机制设计来塑造行政法主体角色。第三将认知和建构行政法的视角从行政行为拓展至交涉性行政关系,遵循比例原则,设定一个行政支配性/公民自主性组合关系的谱系。第四建构一套行政法商谈框架,运用360°商谈模式寻求行政法效力的普遍认同。本文认为,与此种治理逻辑相契合的行政法呈现为非对称性平衡,它集中体现为行政与公民双方在权能上的势均力敌。     

Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful

Even in formally open, liberal, democratic states, a series of barriers exist as obstacles to critical criminologists who wish to conduct research that scrutinises the activities of powerful states and corporations. Much evidence suggests that in the current political climate, the barring of access to sources of data, neo-liberal re-configurations in the funding of research, and the narrowing of publishing and dissemination opportunities to counter-hegemonic voices are severely limiting the ability to conduct critical research. This article reports on recent experiences of researchers concerned with unmasking the crimes of the powerful and argues that, despite the obstacles power sources use to obscure and mystify the illegal and violent practices engaged in by states and corporations, there remains fertile space around research agendas, and in universities, for critical researchers to exploit. To gain insight from the ways in which researchers can, and do, establish alternative agendas, this article seeks to explore some of the principles that might inform and encourage those forms of resistance, and to establish how critical criminologists might continue to subject the powerful to scrutiny. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

突发公共事件中公民权利的保护机制分析

在现代法治国家,为防止突发公共事件的巨大冲击力导致整个国家生活与社会秩序的全面失控,需要运用行政紧急权力并实施应急法律规范,来调整紧急情况下的国家权力之间、国家权力与公民权利之间、公民权利之间的各种社会关系,以有效控制和消除危机,恢复正常的社会生活秩序和法律秩序,维护和平衡社会公共利益与公民合法权益.为此需要对突发公共事件中的公民权利进行界定,明确界限、建立程序制度保障和救济机制,以寻求突发公共事件中行政紧急权力与公民权利保护的平衡.