人力资本及其视域下的农民工分析

人力资本是指通过对人的各种投资,使自然人具备改造自然和社会的价值,并通过一定的制度安排,使这种价值实现价值增值。人力资本作为资本的一种,首先是一种商品,是价值和使用价值的统一;是生产与再生产的统一;是与一定阶段的生产力水平相适应的,是具体的历史的统一;人力资本是内在本质和外在形式的统一,是生产力与生产关系的统一,是技术与制度的统一。结合人力资本的含义和农民工的自身特点看,农民工属于人力资本的范畴。确认农民工人力资本的存在具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality.     

Status Disparities in the Capital of Capital Punishment

Numerous studies have examined the influence of victim race on capital punishment, with a smaller number focused on victim gender. But death penalty scholars have largely ignored victim social status. Drawing on Black's (1976) multidimensional theoretical concept, the current research examines the impact of victim social status on the district attorney's decision to seek the death penalty and the jury's decision to impose a death sentence. The data include the population of cases indicted for capital murder in Harris County (Houston), Texas, from 1992 to 1999 (n=504). The findings suggest that victim social status has a robust influence on the ultimate state sanction: Death was more likely to be sought and imposed on behalf of high‐status victims who were integrated, sophisticated, conventional, and respectable. The research also has implications beyond capital punishment. Because victim social status has rarely been investigated in the broader sentencing literature, Black's concept provides a theoretical tool that could be used to address such an important omission.     

我国人力资本出资的若干法律问题

我国人力资本出资在法律上是否具有可行性,理论界一直持否定态度,认为人力出资存在评估上的困难,以及无法保障交易安全从而损害债权人利益。应当说,以此为理由是片面的,因为这种状况在其他出资方式上同样是存在的,但并没有影响法律对此加以肯定。至于人力资本出资者的有限保证责任,则违背了公平原则。人力资本出资者应当享有有限责任,同时可用公示制度来平衡出资者与债权人的利益。     

Inequality, Crime and the Floating Population in China

Since the Open and Reform Policy, China has been making great progress toward modernization. A salient phenomenon accompanying economic boom is increased social inequality and crime, and these are destabilizing Chinese society. This paper shows how income and social inequality were socially, structurally and institutionally constructed during the reform period because of a continuation of the pre-reform social strata that deprived peasants of equal access to education, employment, housing, and health care opportunities. The social inequality gives rise to a huge floating population which is socially disorganized and has no attachment, commitment, or involvement in communities. Low external control and strain also led to high crime rates among the floating population.

社会分层视野下的中国教育公平:宏观趋势与微观机制

改革开放以来,我国的教育事业取得了巨大成就,总体表现为九年义务教育全面普及、居民平均受教育年限稳步提升、高等教育入学和毕业人数大幅攀升等。但与此同时,教育公平问题也日渐凸显,教育获得的城乡和阶层差距呈现扩大的趋势。本文从社会分层和流动的视角出发,探讨了影响教育机会公平的宏观结构和制度性因素以及微观因素。作者认为,改革开放以来我国社会不平等的扩大、阶层结构的定型化、教育回报率的上升等结构性因素使教育在社会流动过程中的重要性日益上升,从而导致社会各主体在教育领域展开了激烈的竞争。与此同时,一系列与人才培养和选拔有关的制度设置或教育政策强化了家庭的经济、文化和社会资本对子女学业成就和教育获得的决定性作用。城市或优势阶层凭借更丰富的各种资本,帮助子女在优质教育资源获得或升学机会方面取得胜利,最终导致受教育机会的城乡和阶层差异不断加剧。结构性因素和教育获得的微观过程两者相互强化,陷入一种非良性循环的过程之中,最终可能带来社会贫富差距扩大或两极分化的风险。最后,作者指出,制定合理均衡的教育制度和具体的政策,逐渐弱化教育的阶层再生产功能,是教育决策部门所面临的重要课题。     

区域特征、区域制度与人权

有关人权侵犯的解释并存于全球、国家和地区三个分析层面。区域特征是决定普遍规范进入国家层面实践的一种重要介入途径。包括经济发展、分配、民主、文化、地区人权制度等在内的区域因素会改变全球规范和制度的功效。     

The Legal Infrastructure for Creativity in China: A Perspective of Venture Capital

A new concept of “legal infrastructure” has recently been emerging and becoming increasingly popular in China. The concept offers a novel analytical framework to explore China’s existing legal organism for creativity. For this academic mission, the perspective of venture capital is developed by this article in that it has been already been convincingly demonstrated by extant studies that venture capital is an indispensable catalyst for the output level of a country’s creativity. The findings of this article are that the current legal infrastructure in China impedes the life cycle of venture capital, to some degree, and in turn impairs the capability of creativity in China’s economy.     

从WTO和人权国际保护角度评在中国推展SA8000标准

<正>社会责任标准(Social Accountability 8000,以下简称SA8000)是美国一家(SAI)社团组织成立的"经济优先领域鉴定代理委员会"(the Council on Economic Priorities Accred-itation Agency,以下简称CEPAA)在1997年制定的,旨在确保产品生产和服务符合劳工人权保护社会道德的认证标准,其目的是使公司"在公司可以控制和影响范围内管理有关社会责任的事宜;向利益相关方证明公司政策、程序及举措符合本标准之规定。"该标准通过对公司达标认证来推进公司劳工人权的发展,要求获得认知的公司拒绝进口那些没有达标的供应商产品。     

Trade Secrets, Firm-Specific Human Capital, and Optimal Contracting

Trade secrets are innovations jointly produced by firms and employees that are generally not protected by patents. They are commonly protected within the framework of labor contracts, where an obligation of confidentiality is imposed upon the employee. Specifically this obligation applies to the employee even after he has left the employer for a period of time determined in the contract, known as a cooling off period. Often employees are prohibited not only from revealing trade secrets, but also from utilizing their specific human capital developed at the original place of employment in competitor firms during this period. Their specific human capital is in effect inseparable from the trade secret. Failure to protect the trade secret will result in its revelation and its becoming public and hence worthless for the innovator. The inability of an employee to reveal trade secrets and utilize his specific human capital after leaving his place of employment imposes costs and losses upon him. Some form of compensation will be paid for these contingent losses within the employment contract. Employers know that the longer the cooling off period imposed upon employees, the greater employees must be compensated for this in the contract. Longer cooling off periods thus cost the employer more, but also enable him to earn greater rents from the innovation itself. In this paper profit-maximizing periods of trade secret protection are derived, based on these two countervailing factors, and comparative statics exercises are performed. How the selection of profit-maximizing periods of trade secret protection when the incidence of resignation is itself affected by contract parameters and incentives is explored.     

Pragmatic Discourse and Gender Inequality in China

Using courtroom dialogs from actual court trials in China as data, this article analyzes an emerging “pragmatic discourse,” deployed by judges to assist, but at the same time to constrain divorcing women. Through questions, statements, rebuttals, and other interactional devices, Chinese judges define the premises that underpin the law's understanding of gender equality and women's welfare. By looking at how discourses are deployed by judges and litigants, we link micro linguistic practices to more general social forces and processes. Despite their honest effort to protect women's rights, Chinese judges often inadvertently reinforce and reproduce the patriarchal norm. The data demonstrate how the hegemonic patriarchal order reasserts itself in an institutional forum that is meant to promote gender equality. The interaction of the discourses also highlights the tensions in Chinese society and displays the effect of changing social environment on the legal operation.     

从实施人权公约的视角看我国行政判例对人权的保护

从1987年至2006年底,20年间各级人民法院共审结了120余万件行政诉讼案件。与之基本同时,最高人民法院通过创刊于1985年的《最高人民法院公报》,并依据2000年6月发布的《裁判文书公布管理办法》,至2006年底,总共发表了75件具有代表性的行政裁判。这些以公报案例、法公布文书和裁判文书选登等形式发表的行政裁判,已经成为人民共和国的最初行政判例。它们是被誉为重要的人权保障法的《行政诉讼法》正在得以有效实施的证明,不仅代表着中国努力建设社会主义法治国家的切实努力和中国大陆的行政审判水平与行政审判中的人权保护水平,而且展现了中国大陆正在以日益发展的司法手段,努力促进联合国人权两公约中规定的诸项人权的实施,在某些方面甚至正在拓展出新的人权保护范围和规范。同时,也面临着如何把人权保护范围,从主要限于人身权与财产权,平稳迅速地扩展到也受到人权公约保护的诸项社会权利和政治权利的问题。发展人权保障事业与建设和谐社会与和谐世界的新目标具有内在的同一性。行政判例,正在为我国实施经社文公约(CESCR),加入《公民权利和政治权利公约》(CCPR)作出积极的贡献。     

中国跨境资金异常流动:监测、驱动与对策

跨境资金异常流动不仅事关经济金融安全,甚至影响未来国际经济格局。国际金融危机后中国跨境资金异常流动频率有所增大并呈现非对称性。排序选择模型显示套汇是异常资金流动的主要动因,中国的高利率反而刺激了投资者的避险情绪推动了资本外逃;进出口数据的异动会显著掩盖可监测的跨境资金异常流动;中国股市波动、经济增速放缓和美元流动性收紧会引发资本外逃的论断均被证伪;外币贷款会提高资本外逃的概率,但影响亦不显著。国内外经济金融环境对跨境资金异常流出入的冲击具有非对称性,应对资金异常流出给予重点关注,并通过结构性货币政策和市场干预稳定利率和汇率预期、监测贸易数据和外币贷款余额异动、堵塞逃骗汇漏洞以及完善金融监管缓解资金外逃压力。     

论社会哲学视野中的人、社会共同体与宪法——兼评《欧盟宪法》

宪法是人为了自己的生存与发展有意识地组织社会共同体的规则,以及由该规则所构建的社会秩序。因此,宪法、人的生存与发展即人权、社会共同体三个范畴及其相互的关系是宪法社会学的基本问题:宪法的终极关怀是人的生存和发展,其首要功能在于组织自足与互助的社会共同体,这种观念不仅把宪法的历史与逻辑统一起来了,而且能够很好地解释《欧盟宪法》的历史必然性。     

人力资本理论:形成、发展与启示——兼论现代科学技术条件下马克思主义政治经济学的发展

本文综述了人力资本理论的起源与发展,阐述了人力资本对经济增长的作用,认为人力资本论是对马克思主义政治经济学的劳动价值论的现代诠释,同时,从人力资本理论的角度指出西部大开发必先开发人力资本,提升西部的人力资本价值。     

国际人权与死刑──以国际人权法为线索的分析兼及中国的应对

国际人权法对死刑的态度经历了由放任到限制再到废除的转变。《世界人权宣言》对死刑以沉默显示放任;《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》等对死刑转向了限制;《旨在废除死刑的〈公民权利与政治权利国际公约〉第二议定书》等对死刑明令废除。中国现行死刑制度与国际人权法的要求尚存较大距离,应该采取必要的应对措施尽快缩短这一距离。