92式手枪射击距离与射击残留物分布密度相关性的研究

目的研究92式手枪射击距离与射击残留物分布密度的相关性,为射击距离的推断提供依据。方法选择92式手枪,在带皮的猪肉上覆盖白色棉布,设计了0m,0．1m,0．2m,0．5m,1．0m,1．5m,3．0m,5．0m,10m,15．0m,20．0m,25．0m共12个距离进行射击,提取白棉布上的弹孔圆周和距弹孔2cm的圆周上的射击残留物,利用扫描电镜／能谱仪对不同射击距离遗留在白棉布上的射击残留物进行检验。结果白棉布上射击残留物分布密度与射击距离呈负相关的关系。结论根据棉布上射击残留物的分布密度,能够推断射击距离,对涉枪案件中射击距离的判断有一定的参考价值。     

根据创口射击残留物推断“5.4”式手枪射击距离的研究

目的利用环境控制扫描电镜/能谱仪（SEM/EDX）研究枪弹创射入口周围射击残留物与射击距离的关系,探讨其能否用于射击距离的判断。方法采用＂＂5.4＂＂式手枪分别在5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm处射击乳猪皮肤,利用SEM/EDX观察创口周围GSR的分布和成分,并建立回归方程。结果射击距离和GSR颗粒数量之间总体表现为直线关系,并建立了相应的回归方程。当射击距离为10~90cm时,用该方程推断射击距离效果较好。结论检测创口周围GSR可望用于判断“5.4”式手枪的射击距离。     

92式手枪射入口形态特征与射击距离的关系

目的研究手枪射入口形态特征与射击距离的关系,为射击距离的推断提供依据。方法选择92式手枪,在带皮的猪肉上覆盖白色棉布,设计了0m,0.1m,0.2m,0.5m1.0m,1.5m,3.0m,5.0m,10m,15.0m,20.0m,25.0m共12个射击距离,对白棉布和肉皮上的弹孔进行拍照,对比研究不同射击距离的射入口形态特征,并利用Autocad软件对射入口的面积进行计算。结果白棉布和肉皮上射入口的形态特征与射击距离有一定的相关性。结论根据射入口的形态特征,能够对射击距离进行推断,对涉枪案件中射击距离的判断有参考价值。     

扫描电镜/能谱法对92式手枪射击残留物检出率与遗留时间相关性的研究

目的研究92式手枪射击残留物检出率与遗留时间的相关性,为射击时间的推断提供依据。方法实验人员使用92式手枪分别射击1枪和3枪,射击后分别在0.5h内,24h,48h,72h,120h,168h,对实验人员的手部及衣袖袖口处进行射击残留物的提取,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对射击残留物进行检验。结果射击人的手部和衣袖会附着大量的射击残留物,随着时间的推移,手部的残留物数量急剧减少,24h（射击1枪）、72h（射击3枪）后不能检测到枪击残留物。而衣袖处120h（射击1枪）、168h（射击3枪）内均可检测到射击残留物,且射击残留物的检出率与遗留时间呈负相关性。结论随着遗留时间的增加,衣袖处射击残留物检出率递减,对涉枪案件中射击时间的判断有一定的参考价值。     

QSZ92式9mm手枪枪弹痕迹检验

1枪弹简介QSZ92式9mm手枪是我国最新研制成的军用手枪(见图1),该枪使用DAP92式9mm普通弹(见图2),也可发射9mm“帕拉贝鲁姆”手枪弹,发射方式为半自动;闭锁机构为枪管回转式闭锁;击发方式为击锤式;拉杆分离式发射机构;可单动或联动发射;除有手动保险针、还有击针保险和跌落保险;具有膛內有弹指示、弹匣余弹显示及空仓挂机。DAP92式9mm普通弹外形尺寸与国外9mm“帕拉贝鲁姆”手枪弹相同,并可与该弹通用。枪弹技术参数见表1。图1QSZ92式9mm手枪;图2DAPQSZ92式9mm手枪弹表1枪弹技术参数QSZ92式9mm手枪9DmAmPQ手SZ枪92弹式口径:9mm膛…     

头发对射击残留物附着的影响

利用射击残留物的存在和分布形态判断枪口与射入口的距离是现场分析的关键之一。然而我们在工作中发现,在对头部射击的案件中,弹孔周围的头发有可能对射击残留物起到屏蔽作用,尤其在贴近距离[1](2cm~5cm左右)射击的时候,绝大部分射击残留物会附着在头发而不是头皮上,本文将以实验和真实案例为基础详细说明近距离射击时头发对射击残留物附着的影响。     

国产92式9mm手枪

92式9mm军用手枪系统从1992年开始论证,1994年正式批准立项开始研制,1998年设计定型。该枪使用DAP92式 9mm普通弹,也可发射9mm巴拉贝鲁姆手枪弹,发射方式为半自动,闭锁机构为枪管回转式,击发方式为击锤式,拉杆分离式发射机构,可单动或连动发射,除有手动保险外,还有击     

射击残留物与射击距离的判断

当前我国的持枪犯罪率越来越高,这类犯罪的犯罪性质恶劣,社会危害大,严重影响着社会的安定与稳定,是各级公安机关重点打击的犯罪行为。因此,关于弹道检测等相关原理与应用的研究越来越受学者的关注。射击距离的判断对于分析案件的性质,作案过程的推断、确认射击位置和方式具有重要作用,也只有先确定了射击的距离才有可能进行下一步的数据计算。因此,如何推断射击距离,成为检验鉴定枪击案件的首要问题。因此,本文位从检测射击残留物对射击距离的判断展开论述。     

QSZ92式9mm手枪射击弹壳击针痕迹次种类特征的研究

目的研究QSZ92式9mm手枪击针在生产加工过程中潜在的次种类特征,以区别于个体特征。方法用超景深体式显微镜对特定工序连续生产加工的10件QSZ92式9mm手枪击针的射击痕迹进行观察比对。结果不同击针形成的击针痕迹痕底特征具有特定性,而痕壁特征中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹具有相似性,属于次种类特征。结论同一认定过程中不能将击针痕迹中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹作为个体特征使用。     

54式手枪与仿54式手枪射击弹头弹壳痕迹的区别

1案件简介1998年2月6日,湖南省某医院于某在家属区里被杀,现场提取“51”式手枪弹头、弹壳各一枚,由于现场提取“51”式手枪弹头没有线膛痕迹,需区分是制式“54”式还是仿“54”式手枪发射。检验发现：弹头没有线膛痕迹,弹头表面的擦划线条与弹头中心轴平行,线条没有明显旋转方向,未发现坡膛痕迹。弹壳上有击针痕迹、抛壳挺痕迹、弹底窝痕迹。笔者从枪的结构上寻找区分是否为制式手枪发射的依据。     

Forensic applications of sodium rhodizonate and hydrochloric acid: a new histological technique for detection of gunshot residues

Demonstration of the presence of lead residues deriving from gunshot in skin and underlying tissues is essential for the correct forensic analysis of numerous legal cases. Optical microscopy remains the fastest, cheapest diagnostic technique, even though its sensitivity and specificity are poor because of the scarce quantity of histological tissue that can be examined and possible environmental lead pollution. To confirm the presence of lead from gunshot residues, we applied to histological sections of human skin a technique proposed by Owens and George in 1991 for macroscopic detection of lead on the clothing of shooting victims, involving a reaction with sodium rhodizonate and subsequent confirmation by color change on application of HCl. Our results demonstrate the technical possibility of using this macroscopic technique even on histological samples and support the need for further studies on a larger series of cases correlated with the type of ammunition and firing distance.     

Gunshot residues on dry bone after decomposition-a pilot study

Abstract: Very little literature exists concerning radiochemical and microscopic analyses of gunshot wounds in decomposed material, and even less concerning skeletonized samples; the most advanced technologies may provide useful indications for the diagnosis of suspect lesions, especially if gunshot wounds are no longer recognizable. However, we know very little of the survival of gunshot residues (GSR) in skeletonized samples. This study examined nine gunshot wounds produced on pig heads which then underwent skeletonization for 4 years, and four gunshot entries on human heads from judicial cases which were then macerated to the bone in water; the samples underwent scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) analysis. Positive results for GSR were observed only in four of the nine animal samples and in all four human samples. Among the human samples, two lesions showed Pb and Sb, one lesion only Pb, and one Pb, Sb, and Ba. This pilot study showed the survival of GSR in skeletal material and therefore the crucial importance of SEM‐EDX analyses on skeletonized material. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the role of environmental modifications of GSR.     

Desorption electrospray tandem MS (DESI-MSMS) analysis of methyl centralite and ethyl centralite as gunshot residues on skin and other surfaces

Abstract:  A direct and sensitive method for the detection of methyl centralite (MC) and ethyl centralite (EC) as gunshot residues (GSRs) has been developed. This method uses desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-tandem mass spectrometry and directly desorbs and detects analytes from surfaces without any sampling process. Typical transitions for MC and EC, m/z 241 to m/z 134 and m/z 269 to m/z 148, respectively, were used to improve the assay sensitivity. It has been shown that MC and EC can be detected on various surfaces, with detection limits of 5–70 pg/cm². Interferences, detection time after shooting and the number of times hands were washed after shooting were also evaluated. None of the materials interfered with the results and the detection window for organic GSRs was up to 12 h and hands could be washed at least six times. Further samples were analyzed to confirm the reliability of this method, and showed that it could discriminate shooters from nonshooters. This method should be of significance in forensic science, especially in analyzing GSRs, because of its simplicity, high throughput, and the direct detection of MC and EC on suspects' hands, clothes, and hair.     

带消音器枪弹创的实验病理研究

使用国产7．62mm口径微声轻型冲锋枪，以不同距离射击实验动物，制成带消音器枪弹创，并使用国产7．62mm口径轻型冲锋枪作对照进行对比观察。结果表明：在接触和近距离射击时，带消音器枪弹刻与典型枪弹剑比较有明显不同；根据消音器的结构和原理，结合实验结果，建立了带消音器枪弹创的形态学特征及其诊断依据。为法医学检验鉴定提供了实验性资料。     

A comparative study of gunshot residue originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition from various producers

Following previous work on differentiation between gunshot residue according to the type of ammunition used, a specific investigation was undertaken of traces originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition using SEM-EDX. The aim of this study was to determine whether GSR originating from this type of ammunition is similar, or whether differentiation could be made between particular manufacturers of Luger ammunition. The results were collected in the form of counts of particles in each of seven key elemental classes being combinations of lead, antimony and barium. These were then adjusted to a factor known as frequency of occurrence which allows comparison of the distribution of particles within the classes between samples with differences in absolute particle counts. The relationships between the samples were examined using non-parametric statistical tests: R-Spearman and tau-Kendall rank correlation coefficients. It has been found that most of the studied samples of GSR were similar to each other despite their originating from various manufacturers.     

Identification of gunshot residues in fabric targets using sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique and ternary graphs

During criminal investigations involving firearms, the detection of gunshot residues (GSRs) is one of the most important evidences. In the present study, a new method to identify trace evidences of GSRs, deposited around the bullet entrance hole, in different types of fabrics used as targets, is described. The experiments were carried out using a 0.38-inch caliber revolver, and 9-mm and 0.40-inch caliber pistols. Testimonies of 2.25 cm(2) of the fabrics were cut around the bullet entrance and digested with 10% nitric acid. Antimony, barium, and lead were analyzed in the remaining solution using a sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The concentrations of the elements were detected at levels up to few microgram per square centimeter. The use of ternary graphics allowed us to identify specific patterns of distribution for blank samples and the clear distinction between the revolver and pistols used.     

An investigation on the secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues

Gunshot residues (GSR) are an important forensic trace in firearm-related events. Currently, routine GSR analyses focus on the detection and characterisation of the inorganic components (IGSR). The increasing prevalence of heavy metal-free ammunition challenges these current protocols and there is an increasing interest in how the organic components of GSR (OGSR) can provide complementary information. Similar to the situation with IGSR, OGSR compounds originally deposited on the shooter during the firing process may further be transferred onto another individual or surface. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide additional information regarding the risk of a secondary transfer of OGSR. Two scenarios were investigated, the first one related to the arrest process and the possibilities of a secondary transfer arising between a shooter onto a non-shooter (e.g. between a police officer and a person of interest (POI)). The second scenario concerned the transfer of OGSR onto the non-shooter after handling a firearm for few minutes without discharging it. One calibre was chosen, the .40 S&W calibre, used by several Australian State police forces. A secondary transfer was observed in all cases for the two scenarios investigated, for three compounds of interest: ethylcentralite (EC), diphenylamine (DPA), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (N-nDPA). The firearm handling scenario resulted in a larger secondary transfer to that of the arrest scenario. Overall, the amounts of OGSR detected on the non-shooter were generally lower than that detected on the shooter and controls after the arrest scenario. The results of this study provide complementary knowledge about OGSR, which can be further used to improve the current practice and the interpretation of OGSR evidence. In particular, it highlights that the secondary transfer proposition must be considered during the interpretation of forensic findings, especially when small amounts of OGSR target compounds are detected.