西部贫困地区留守儿童抗逆力生成机制探析——基于龙胜各族自治县8名留守儿童个案研究

留守儿童是社会各界一直关注的特殊群体,特别是西部贫困地区,多重困境交织使他们面临更大的挑战。从优势视角对西部贫困地区留守儿童进行干预不失为一种解决问题的新方式。本文采用个案研究法,依托抗逆力理论,对8名展现出较高水平抗逆力的留守儿童进行研究,充分探讨个体与环境中存在的保护因素和风险因素。研究显示,监护、安全、认知等风险制造了抗逆力的生成土壤,个体身心健康、学校教师和同辈群体支持、社区邻里互助最终促使抗逆力形成。     

类家庭流浪儿童抗逆力的获得和养成

作为一种社会问题,流浪儿童问题是当今中国社会治理和制度建设领域的重要议题之一。解决流浪儿童问题要突破传统管控思维和手段,从实现儿童权利出发来创新制度和治理方法。本研究采用叙述分析方法,以抗逆力理论为视角,通过分析"类家庭"对流浪儿童抗逆力获得的影响和作用,解释类家庭流浪儿童抗逆力养成的内在机制,以及对儿童权利实现的意义,以为创新流浪儿童救助保护的长效机制提供政策和服务发展的依据。     

养育罕见病儿童的青年家庭抗逆力分析

通过选取质性研究中叙述分析的方法,本研究重点探寻了养育罕见病儿童的青年家庭抗逆力的类型、策略及特点。研究发现,养育罕见病儿童的青年家庭的抗逆力主要存在以下五种类型:拓展升华型、内部均衡型、动荡型、挣扎型及放弃型;这五种类型又可以进一步概括为"精英带动型"和"资源/制度制约型";家庭抗逆力得以发挥的主要动力来自于家庭内部精英人物和家庭本身组织结构、行为方式等方面的调整;家庭抗逆力发挥的主要阻碍除了个体人格特质、家庭结构与关系要素之外,更重要的还是来自资源和制度的制约。目前的家庭抗逆力呈现出结构制约下的个体行动主动性和策略性行动明显的特点。     

浅论社会工作视角下的流浪儿童救助与保护

近年来,有关流浪儿童的问题越来越引起国家相关部门的重视,了解现阶段我国流浪儿童的基本发展状况,探讨流浪儿童问题出现的社会原因、家庭原因、学校及个人原因。从社会工作视角的出发,分析当前流浪儿童救助工作中存在的问题,并结合社会工作专业方法,将社会工作人性化的救助方法引入到流浪儿童救助领域,促使流浪儿童救助工作进一步完善。本文初步分析了社会工作介入流浪儿童中存在的问题和弊端,并分析探讨提出可行的建议与对策,社会工作介入流浪儿童救助的实践中,这些意见和对策可以得以应用和改进。     

失独失偶女性抗逆力的个案研究

失独失偶女性作为失独群体的构成之一,有其特殊性。本研究从抗逆力视角入手,采用个案研究方法,从个体与环境中风险性因素与保护性因素的互动探讨失独失偶女性抗逆力。研究发现:叠加的丧失使其面临特殊困境;失独失偶女性抗逆力的内在保护因素包括吃苦耐劳、隐忍的品质与良好的寻求社会支持的能力等,外在保护因素表现在亲属的照顾及多重社会关系的支持;纵向的个体发展阶段特征表现在长期生活及挫折经验积累;失独失偶女性抗逆力表现形式多样,包括传统的正向的抗逆力和隐性抗逆力,如抱怨、躯体化。     

儿童社会工作的伦理困境及应对原则探析

儿童社会工作是具有鲜明特色的社会工作领域,在专业服务过程中不可避免地会面临伦理困境。通过对这些伦理困境产生的原因进行分析,进而提出儿童社会工作伦理困境的应对原则:优先考虑儿童利益最大化原则、注意与儿童监护人有关的伦理问题的原则、差别平等原则和自主原则等。通过对这些问题的分析与思考旨在帮助社会工作者在儿童社会工作实践中面临伦理困境时做出更加合适的选择。     

探析社会工作视角下流浪儿童的救助

流浪儿童群体自出现至今不断受到社会各界的广泛关注。通过从社会工作视角出发,结合社会工作的实质对流浪儿童救助问题进行较为深入的探讨,提出从社会、社区、家庭方面来解决流浪儿童救助问题,为流浪儿童救助问题的解决提供一个崭新的途径。     

论民族社会工作实践中的非正式约束与本土化实务体系北大核心

社会工作作为解决和应对社会问题的制度化方法,是一个融合价值观、理论与实践的多维系统。民族地区的社会工作实践除了受到国家方针政策以及社会工作者本身的专业价值、专业技能等因素的正式约束之外,还受到来自服务对象文化持守方面的非正式约束。本文从观念性层次,规范性层次和操作性层次分析了民族社会工作中非正式约束的文化表现形式,在此基础上,提出了本土化民族社会工作实务体系构建的实践策略。     

高职高专社会工作专业实践教学探析

社会工作是专业化的助人服务工作,社会工作专业的实践性取向要求社会工作专业教育特别要注重实践教学,注重培养学生实际操作的能力。凸显了社会工作实践教学的目标要求,强化了社会工作实践教学的内容,提出了完善社会工作实践教学的选择路径。     

在地资源利用:社会工作参与精准扶贫路径探索

精准扶贫是我国现阶段扶贫开发的重要形式和全面建成小康社会的重要举措。社会工作如何参与精准扶贫?其实践路径是什么?既往的案例是否对社会工作参与精准扶贫有借鉴意义?本文针对当前社会工作参与精准扶贫所面临的问题,以国际NGO组织援建我国的CBHFA项目为例,就项目运作逻辑、在地资源的培育、使用及其在社会工作实践中的作用进行了深入分析。最后,基于CBHFA项目的启示,对社会工作介入精准扶贫工作路径进行了讨论,对社会工作参与精准扶贫具有现实意义。     

正式制度、基层政府与体制弹性——温岭劳资个案及其启示

文章旨在理解我国体制持续发展中表现出的体制弹性。根据体制持续发展过程中权利结构是否发生演进,把体制的可持续性分解为"体制适应性"和"体制弹性"两个方面,明确区别于对适应性体制或弹性体制的笼统提法。在此概念界定的基础上,从温岭劳资个案出发考察体制弹性的过程。温岭劳资个案是劳资冲突逐步激化、地方政府应对挑战维持稳定的过程,是在既有权利结构下应对社会冲突、启动利益表达和实现劳资关系稳定的完整政治过程。案例表现出体制持续发展的弹性方面,而相关正式制度设置和能动的当地政府扮演了重要角色。进一步对个案中获得的认识进行逻辑的一般分析,认为在社会主义基本制度和政府间的行政逐级发包制下,正式制度和基层政府对体制弹性发挥着重要作用。同时,体制弹性对体制的发展具有正反两方面的潜在影响。     

Local Resilience and the Reconstruction of Social Institutions: Recovery,Maintenance and Transformation of Buddhist Sangha in Post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia

ABSTRACT

This article explores how local resilience is realised in post-conflict reconstruction, by examining the redevelopment of Buddhist institutions in Cambodia. It firstly proposes three forms of resilience that were significant in the local level peacebuilding practice in the country – recovery, maintenance and transformation – and examines the process by which each form of resilience was materialised from the perspectives of local communities. Moreover, this study highlights two factors that determined the development of local resilience: ontological security and local leadership structure. Based on the empirical findings, this study discusses the conceptual and theoretical implications of such elements of resilient peacebuilding.     

The Multiple Meanings of ‘Resilience’: An Overview of the Literature

‘resilience is in danger of becoming a vacuous buzzword from overuse and ambiguity’ (Rose 2007: 384) ‘Resilience’ is widely used in public policy debate in Australia in contexts as diverse as drought policy, mental fitness in the Australian Defence Force, and in discussion around the Australian economy's performance during the global financial crisis. The following paper provides an overview of the use of the term ‘resilience’ in the academic literature in both the natural and social sciences. The key conclusion from this research is that the term is highly ambiguous, it is used for different purposes in different contexts and in some cases the understandings of the term are diametrically opposed. The malleability of the term suggests that it might be politically risky if employed in policy debate unless clearly defined in each instance.     

Surveillance and resilience: Relationships,dynamics, and consequences

“Resilience” is a contested term with varying and ambiguous meaning in governmental, business, and social discourses. Surveillance is increasingly relied on as an instrument for resilience, enhancing the capability of anticipating, preventing, or recovering from adversity, thus preserving the fabric of society and the state. However, surveillance itself might undesirably erode social freedoms, rights, and other public goods. In the present study we focus on the interrelationship of surveillance and resilience. Studying the relationships between surveillance and resilience requires not only the theoretical study of possible examples but also the exploration and evaluation of the resilient entity’s core properties, strategies, and tactics and the external observer’s stance toward the entity in question. Furthermore, different contexts may exhibit different effects of surveillance on resilience. For example, an increase in surveillance by a democratic state may lead to increasing resilience of the state in the face of terrorist attacks but may also lead to the decreasing resilience of that society’s ability to exercise democratic values. The various models generated by these differing relationships will be explored with relation to three examples: the surveillance of international migration, the surveillance of extremist views, and the surveillance of digital financial transactions.     

自然灾难管理中的跨组织合作——基于社会弱点的视角

自然灾难事件的发生具有随机性，但是它们所带来的破坏以及社会群体和个体对此表现出来的响应能力和恢复能力却不是随机的。其原因之一，是社会弱点的存在影响着自然灾难的作用结果。资源等空间和地理分布的不均衡造成和增加了社会弱点，弱点的存在影响了灾难威胁、灾难抵抗力和恢复力，不断发现和消除弱点是灾难管理的重要工作。而跨组织合作能消除或缓解资源分布不均和资源匮乏所带来的社会弱点，进而增强灾难管理的效率和效果。本文主要以地震这类常见的自然灾难为例，在分析社会弱点和灾难威胁、灾难抵抗力和恢复力之间的关系以及集中式灾难管理模式弊端的基础上，指出跨组织合作在社会弱点发现和消除以及在灾难管理中的作用，进而从区域内政府机构之间合作、区域间跨组织合作和与第三方组织合作三个方面剖析在自然灾难管理中的跨组织的合作问题，最后围绕社会弱点、跨组织合作为我国政府的灾难管理提出若干建议。     

The myth of social capital in community development

Abstract

This article argues that contemporary interest in social capital by community development theorists, funders, and practitioners is misguided and needs to be thoroughly rethought. It argues that social capital, as understood by Robert Putnam and people influenced by his work, is a fundamentally flawed concept because it fails to understand issues of power in the production of communities and because it is divorced from economic capital. Therefore, community development practice based on this understanding of social capital is, and will continue to be, similarly flawed.

The article further argues that instead of Putnam's understanding of social capital, community development practice would be better served by returning to the way the concept was used by Glenn Loury and Pierre Bourdieu and concludes with a discussion of how these alternative theories of social capital can be realized in community development practice.     

Civic Networks and Community Resilience in Brazil,Canada, Chile,and Cuba

This article explores the relationship between civil society and community resilience in coastal communities in Brazil, Canada, Chile and Cuba. In understanding the role of social capital in community development, we do not feel sufficient attention has been paid to the subtle micro-dynamics of civil network structure. Using social network analysis, we explore the link between community cohesion and resilience. Attention is given to conflicting interests that characterize these communities and how they manifest themselves in civic participation and factional affiliations. We find that organizational diversity is a necessary condition for community vitality, but organizations can become captive to factional interests. The critical factors for resilience are associated with a benign side of factions (a plurality of inclusive ties) and the presence of keystone bridging agents. Each offers hidden mechanisms for neutralizing the effects of fragmentation by providing a cohesive capability which remains latent until crises call for collective action.     

家庭、国家与儿童福利供给

儿童抚育事务在传统上主要由家庭承担。工业革命之后,西方国家才开始系统关注并发展儿童社会福利,为抚育儿童的父母提供制度化的国家支持,并对父母亲权的实践进行国家监督。尽管不同的儿童社会福利理论对于如何界定家庭与国家在儿童抚育与儿童福利供给过程中的关系模式存有分歧,但是,关注得不到家庭适当抚育的儿童的福利,并为其提供必要的福利服务,已经成为现代国家的共识。鉴于我国传统的以家庭为主的儿童抚育模式出现失灵,积极发展选择性的儿童福利服务具有其充分的合理性。     

Resilience and robustness in policy design: a critical appraisal

Resilience and robustness are exciting concepts for policy researchers. Their broad use in other disciplines has motivated social scientists and policy researchers to adopt them in analyses. In the present paper, we review definitions of these concepts and the primary theoretical and empirical challenges presented by resilience and robustness as lenses for improving the understanding of policy process and policy design. The results reveal that the two concepts differ in their potential value for public policy analysis. Despite its diffusion and ‘charme’, resilience does not appear to be useful and may be misleading, whereas robustness exhibits great potential with respect to both analysis and design.     

The scent of a green carnation: A review of the queer year

The “Blitz spirit” is a popular story about the British public during the Second World War, uniting together with defiance and resilience to overcome the threat of invasion from Nazi Germany. Previous work has revised this wartime story as a propagandistic construction of national identity and popular memory. Therefore, this paper reviews the Blitz spirit as a myth. A critical discourse analysis (CDA) then examines how this myth was retold in British newspapers after the July 7th bombings in London. I examine how this myth was constructed and the ideological role it played after the attacks. Similar to previous revisions of the Blitz myth from 1940, I argue that social and political complexities after July 7th were often suppressed by messages that sought to evoke a sense of “Britishness” defined by a previous generation. Whilst the July 7th bombings were not a case of traditional warfare or attacks carried out by a foreign force, I argue that wartime analogies often supported military responses in the war on terror and evoked a foreign threat.