基于合法律性的合法性——从韦伯到哈贝马斯

韦伯具有强烈的民族主义情结,这种情结使他尤为强调学术的文化政治担当,亦使其具有学者和"群众性政治家"双重身份。作为学者,他对现代社会"基于合法律性的合法性"(法理型统治)模式进行了详尽分析;作为群众性政治家,他又明确提出了"领袖民主"(卡理斯玛型统治)合法化模式。这两种理论模式均具有政治现实主义和实证论倾向。哈贝马斯总体上拒绝了韦伯合法化模式的描述性路径,并极力批判了其领袖民主模式;但他亦将其合法化论说建基于韦伯式基于合法律性的合法性模式之上,并做出了可以容纳道德性内容的理论重构。     

公诉——合目的性与合法律性的统一

公诉具有两方面的属性——合目的性与合法律性,公诉的合目的性与合法律性二者之间在一定情况下存在冲突,当二者发生矛盾冲突时,应坚持价值衡平原则。公诉应当既是社会安全的保障,同时也是个体权利的保障;既要实现法律所追求的一般公平正义理念,也要遵守现实的实体和程序法律。应当坚持公诉合目的性与合法律性的统一,任何过分追逐单一性的做法,将必然导致公诉失去其根本价值,破坏公诉的基础,导致公诉异化。     

关于规范警务用枪的思考

警务用枪是法律赋予人民警察用来威慑与惩治违法犯罪的有力武器。警务用枪不仅关系到执法民警的自身安危,还关系到公安机关的执法形象和法律权威。目前,我国的警务用枪的现状还并不尽如人意。针对其中所存在的问题,应采取相关整改措施,力争早日规范警务用枪。     

汽车限购的合法律性和正当性分析

近几年全国几大城市陆续出台汽车限购政策,虽旨在解决城市交通拥堵与空气质量问题,但该政策颁布的法律依据及其正当性却受到广泛质疑。汽车限购政策欲解决其合法律性和正当性依据的双重困境,必须从以下几点着手解决:确立上位法依据,从依政策调控转向依法调控;严格依照法规制定政策,切实保障程序公正;保证监督机制,坚持政策依法施行。     

全球治理的法律渊源及其合法律性问题

全球治理的重要特征是多元规制,这一特点对全球化时代的法律的概念和法律渊源问题提出了挑战,针对这种挑战的三种解决途径即由约束力的区别来确定硬法和软法、按照法律制度化的程度来区分各种法律渊源、依据世界民主公法来界定各层次的法律渊源都要求对全球治理的法律渊源提出某种规范性要求。相对于这种规范性要求的实质性方面,通过合法律性这个概念来表述这种规范性要求是更适当的,并且在此意义上,合法律性也呈现了全球治理法治化这种规范性主张的必要条件和相应的局限性。     

试论行政规范的合理性

满足合理性要求的行政规范有助于建立有效的利益调节机制。因为这样的行政规范能够在价值合理性的基础上实现工具合理性,即以相对较低成本谋求多数人利益需求。因此,必须预设行政规范目的是从“众意”中寻找“公意,”而且规范的内容是对经济和社会的适度干预,设计满足简单而公正的要求的具体程序制度,并建立对已经生效的行政规范的审查、监控机制,从而最大程度地使制定出来的行政规范具有合理性。     

警察手枪射击中常用的三种据枪动作分析及其运用

本文通过对警察射击教学训练过程中,最常用的三种据枪动作（即：单臂据枪、等腰三角形式据枪、威沃尔式据枪）进行分析,找出这三种据枪动作各自的特点与不足,并结合这三种据枪动作指出分别运用的一些情况,以便在学习和运用过程中更好的掌握这三种常用据枪技术。     

警察用枪的法治考量

2014年4月初,公安部启动武器警械使用专项训练,全国公安民警特别是街面巡逻、处突一线的基层警察,进行为期3个月的武器警械专项训练,目的是让基层民警在处置暴力犯罪时,能有效使用武器警械,及时制止犯罪的发生.这一举措无疑有着强烈的现实背景.与此同时,专项训练也再次将用枪的公共议题凸现出来,需要我们从更为广阔的视野来予以法治考量.     

合法性、合道德性、合理性——对实在法的三种评价及其关系

对实在法的评价归纳起来主要有三种,即合道德性评价或正义性评价、合法性评价和合理性评价。这三种评价往往被不同的学派、思想家分别使用,而实际上他们是互相关联的,是从三个侧面以三种标准对实在法进行着评价。因此应把三者结合起来,这样才能够全面地认识和要求所评价的法律,使之达到真、善、美的统一     

关于编写警察干预家庭暴力实操规范几个问题的思考

无论是从警察干预家庭暴力的重要作用和家庭暴力本身的特点规律看,还是从警察干预家庭暴力的现实状况看,编写警察干预家庭暴力实际操作程序规范都十分必要;编写警察干预家庭暴力的实际操作程序规范要将借鉴国外成功经验与深入本地调研结合起来;警察干预家庭暴力的实际操作程序规范框架应该包括警察干预的基本立场原则和态度、基本原则、几个重要环节、出警记录、风险评估、询问技巧、多机构合作、警察干预家庭暴力的常见错误等内容。     

"双规双指":相对合理性与适法有限性

"双规双指"作为纪检、监察的调查措施,既有政策依据,也有党纪国法规范可循,既存在合理性,也有合法性."双规双指"在实践中演变为刑事侦查措施,成为侦查权力的运行方式,仍然具有相对合理性,但适法性不足,有违侦查法治主义的要求和社会主义民主法治建设的需要,应当改革.     

Examining Police Effectiveness as a Precursor to Legitimacy and Cooperation with Police

Numerous studies by Tyler and colleagues, as well as other scholars, support a normative, process model to account for variation in the public’s cooperation with police in the USA and other developed nations. However, a recent study in Ghana suggests that in developing countries fraught with high levels of violent crime and corruption, cooperation may instead be accounted for by a utilitarian, rational-choice model. Our study examines whether public cooperation with police in the developing nation of Trinidad and Tobago is associated with the process model or rational-choice model. Using in-person structured interviews with residents, we examined whether victims’ decisions to report to police were related to individuals’ perceptions about police effectiveness or police legitimacy. We found support for the process model. We discuss possible explanations for the divergence with Tankebe’s research in Ghana and suggest avenues for future research.     

Response to Criticism: Police Legitimacy,Beyond the Entrenched Niches of Expertise

The purpose of this article is to first re-state the key points of the rejoinder by Cao and Graham. It then proceeds to defend and clarify the arguments that we have made in our article by raising a few misinterpretations by the two reviewers. I end this article with an advice from John Braithwaite 30 years ago that we should nurture the new endeavors in criminology instead of being united against such undertakings.

     

The Eastern City Gun Project: Exploring Contextual and Operational Variables

To maintain public safety and improve system response, a strong need exists for understanding the contexts of and police response to weapon-related incidents as well as socio-economic variables of individuals involved. This paper was focused on exploring these contexts and routine police activities by creating and analyzing a weapon-related database at the local level. The findings, although limited due to the explorative nature of the study and the quality of case files, shed some interesting light on the effects of environmental and operational variables on gun incidents and expose certain issues that need to be resolved before further and more accurate understanding of gun crimes at the local level can be achieved.     

Performances of Police Legitimacy in Rio's Hyper Favela

Rio de Janeiro is home to over one‐thousand favelas (slums), the majority of which are controlled by armed drug traffickers engaged in a long‐standing war with police. This article shows how state legitimacy is challenged by the everyday reality of dual power, postcolonial legacies of inequality and marginalization, and a porous culture of law. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in one of the largest favelas in the city, I argue that police actions revolve around the enactment of violent spectacle, performed by the Elite Special Forces, BOPE. The use of performative violence, however, rather than shoring up state control at the margins of city life, works instead to undermine police (and state) authority.     

The Decision to Become a Police Officer in a Legitimacy Crisis

This study examines how individuals make the decision to become police officers in the context of a police legitimacy crisis and how men and women’s decision-making processes may be different. In-depth interviews were conducted with 42 criminal justice college students who want to become police officers. Prospective police officers anticipated facing challenges as a direct result of the current climate surrounding American policing, which is characterized by decreased police legitimacy. On top of this, women anticipated facing more challenges than male officers due to their gender and underrepresentation in police work. However, women were uniquely motivated to enter policing to overcome gender-specific challenges and felt that they offered special skills that would provide solutions to the police legitimacy crisis. The paper draws implications for how agencies can identify more quality candidates and increase their representation of women.     

The Generalizability of Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice,Legitimacy, and Speeding Intention of South Korean Drivers

Asian Journal of Criminology - Empirical support for procedural justice theory in criminology is robust in the developed Western countries, whereas the results are mixed for non-Western or...     

Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy

Legitimacy (or “the right to exercise power”) is now an established concept in criminological analysis, especially in relation to policing. Substantial empirical evidence shows the importance of legitimacy in securing law‐abiding behavior and cooperation from citizens. Yet adequate theorization has lagged behind empirical evidence, and there has been a conflation of legitimacy with the cognate concepts of “trust” and of “obligation to obey the law.” By drawing on the work of Beetham (1991) and others (e.g., Bottoms and Tankebe, 2012 ), this study tests the hypothesis that the contents of the multiple dimensions of police legitimacy comprise procedural fairness, distributive fairness, lawfulness, and effectiveness. The study also investigates the relative influence of legitimacy and feelings of obligation on citizens’ willingness to cooperate with the police. Using data from London, the results substantiate the hypothesized dimensions of police legitimacy. In addition, legitimacy was found to exhibit both a direct influence on cooperation that is independent of obligation and an indirect influence that flows through people's felt obligations to obey the police. Implications for future research are discussed.     

转型期地方政府合法性危机与重塑

政府合法性探讨的是政治系统如何赢得公众广泛信仰、支持和认同的问题。在社会变迁过程中,任何一种政治体系都不同程度地面临着合法性危机的问题。弘扬公共精神,坚守公共性,推进公共行政,是人类社会治理模式历史演进视野下解决地方政府合法性危机的根本之道。