资料库

2006年非洲旅游业增长居世界首位据世界旅游组织公布的年度报告统计,2006年非洲旅游业平均增幅为8.1%,而撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区的增长达9.4%,远远高于全球4.5%的增长率。非洲旅游业发展势头强劲,归因于该地区拥有丰富而独特的自然旅游资源、稳定发展的地区形势,以及游客认为该     

贝加尔湖地区能源的地区意义和国际意义

贝加尔湖地区包括伊尔库茨克州、布里亚特共和国和外贝加尔边疆区. 该地区煤炭开采量占全俄的8.1%,发电量占全俄的6.9%,原油产量占全俄的4.0%.就这几项指标而言,贝加尔湖地区在西伯利亚所占比重更高.     

中东经济形势及对中国经济的影响

2005年,由于国际石油价格飙升,中东地区石油出口增加及区内需求强劲和贸易条件改善,中东经济增长5.4%。 2006年石油价格依然高企,但由于中东地区谨慎的金融政策及石油产量、产能制约,GDP增长率下调至5%。如何突破石油产能瓶颈制约,合理分配巨额石油收入,成为影响中东石油出口国经济增长的关键问题。中国与中东国家经贸关系尽管有限,但随着油价上涨,以及双方合作关系的加强,中东经济形势必将对中国经济产生一定影响。     

巴基斯坦和阿富汗的毒品政治

西南亚“金新月”地区包括阿富汗、巴基斯坦和伊朗三国接壤的部分地区 ,有 30 0 0多公里边境线 ,其面积约 2 0万平方公里 ,其中阿富汗占 70 %以上。进入 90年代以来 ,由于阿富汗连绵不绝的战乱与内乱 ,许多居民迫于生计大量种植罂粟 ,致使该国成为世界上主要的罂粟种植国和出口国之一。 1 996年 ,其种植面积上升到 5 7万公顷 ,产量达 2 2 5 0吨 ;同期巴基斯坦的种植约 1 0 0 0公顷 ,产量 30余吨 ;伊朗则是该地区毒品的主要转运地和消费国之一。十年来 ,作为“金新月”的主要国家阿富汗和巴基斯坦毒品的增长 ,一个原因是其特殊的地理位置 ;…     

俄罗斯与中俄关系大事辑录

(2014年11—12月)11月2日俄燃料能源综合体中央调度管理局资料表明,2014年1—10月,汽油产量与去年同期相比下降2%,达到3 148.2万吨。柴油产量增加7.6%,达到6 394.7万吨。取暖油产量增加4.8%,达到6 634万吨。航空煤油产量增加7.3%,达到929.9万吨。开采天然气5 166.84亿立方米,同比增长2.11%;开采石油和凝析气     

亚太经济与合作

2003年亚太地区经济复苏步伐明显加快,美国经济复苏强劲,中国经济继续高速增长,日本经济开始缓慢复苏,预计2004年该地区经济增长率可达4%。美国经济能否保持较快增长、日本经济能否尽快走出"阴霾"值得关注和研究。与此同时,亚太地区各种经济合作组织的经济合作发展迅速,已经取得实效,并将继续在地区经济活动中发挥积极作用。     

西伯利亚农工系统和农业科学及其与黑龙江省的合作

西伯利亚农工系统是俄罗斯东部农产品的生产者,在很大程度上关系到该地区经济社会发展的基本状况。谷物、奶类和肉类产量占全国总产量的18%~20%,同类产品的人均产量高于全俄平均指标。西伯利亚经济发展战略的出发点之一,是该地区的农业自然资源能够满足当地居民对主要食品的需求。据评估,这些食品的未来人均消费量将大大超过目前的水平,而营养构成要想达到卫生标准,则需要增加更具营养价值水平的食品消费量,如畜产品、蔬菜、水果和浆果(还要运进喜温蔬菜和水果)。西伯利亚农业发达地区(阿尔泰边疆区、新西伯利亚州、鄂木斯克州等)在贸易条件…     

约旦哈希姆王国投资环境分析

自2001年与美国签署自由贸易协议、并与欧盟签署联系国协议以来,约旦经济连续7年增长6%,成为中东地区3个经济持续增长的国家之一.约旦出口的增幅连续7年达15%～20%,是该地区少有的几个出口持续增长的国家之一.①作为西亚的一个经济基础薄弱、对外依赖严重的小国,约旦持续的经济增长与本国投资环境的改善密切相关.本文将从约旦内政外交、经济状况、投资政策及与我国的关系等方面对约旦的投资环境进行简要分析和评估.     

近年来越南城乡居民收入情况

近10年来,越南经济快速增长,GDP年均增速7%以上,人均产值从10年前的200美元增加到现在的550美元,城乡居民收入逐年提高,人民生活水平不断提高,贫困率日益下降。根据2006~2010年5年发展计划,经济增长速度为7.5%~8%,到2010年GDP较2000年增长2.1倍,人均产值将达950~1000美元。1.人均收入增加2004年,越南全国人均收入比2002年增长36%,全国人均月收入为48.5万越盾,年均收入371美元,比2002年增长36%(1996~1999年增长4.6%,1999~2001年增长5.8%);西原地区人均年收入299美元,较2002年增长60.1%;东北地区293美元,增长42.4%;红河平原372美元,增长38%…     

初级产品贸易与亚太地区的南北经济关系

一、引言在亚太地区的贸易中,初级产品贸易占有重要的地位。农、矿产品在该地区总贸易额中一直占20%左右。由于这一地区各国自然禀赋的差异和殖民时期遗留下来的产业结构尚未得到根本的改造,战后初级产品贸易以较快的速度增长,矿产品贸易额从1965年的18.98亿美元上升至1983年的358.31亿美元;同期农产品出口贸易额从33.21亿美元增至190.69亿美元。这样快速的增长使得亚太地区的初级产品贸易在世界贸易中的地位不     

A chocolate-coated case for alternative international business models

Large companies have accelerated their control of the basic commodities markets in the last decade. The author describes what this means for smallholder farmers in the developing world who depend on these markets for some cash income each year. The consequences of the growing power of distributors (the grocery or supermarket chains) and dominant brand-owners are persistent rural poverty and the ideological and economic devaluation of the sustainable and small-scale agricultural production methods that are so essential to the 70 per cent of the world's poor who live in rural areas. The author traces the story of a successful business partnership started in 1992 linking cocoa farmers in West Africa and fair-minded chocolate lovers in the UK and USA. This initiative was launched in the face of direct criticism and harsh competitive pressure from the global chocolate giants, but it has mobilised a new kind of coalition and constituency.     

Green consumer markets in the fight against climate change

Abstract

Climate change has become one of the greatest threats to environmental security, as attested by the growing frequency of severe flooding and storms, extreme temperatures and droughts. Accordingly, the European Union's (EU) 6th Environment Action Programme (2010) lists tackling climate change as its first priority. A key aim of the EU has been to cut CO₂ emissions, a major factor in climate change, by 8 per cent until 2012 and 20 per cent until 2020. The European Commission has proposed the encouragement of private consumer market for green products and services as one of several solutions to this problem. However, existing research suggests that the market share of these products has been only 3 per cent, although 30 per cent of individuals favour environmental and ethical goods. This article uses Public Goods Theory to explain why the contribution of the green consumer market to fighting climate change has been and possibly may remain limited without further public intervention.     

A smorgasbord of agricultural technologies: farmers' choices and lessons from Chalite,Panama

Patronato de Nutrición introduced a range of 18 optional agricultural technologies in the indigenous community of Chalite, Panama. Three of the technologies were adopted by more than half of the farmers surveyed, while an additional eight technologies were adopted by between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of the farmers. Farmers were more likely to adopt technologies associated with familiar crops, previously promoted by other groups, or requiring limited labour or financial resources. The article shows how development groups can quickly reduce the number of technologies promoted in order to deliver services more effectively.     

Banking on the poor: Peru's small and micro enterprise sector

Sixty per cent of Peru's urban workforce is employed within the small and micro enterprises (SMEs) which account for 95 per cent ofall business in the country's manufacturing, commercial, and service sectors. But in spite of credit needs of some US$ 1,250 million, in 1994 the combined input from the formal financial sector, international development agencies, and NGOs met only five per cent of this demand. The author examines the six principal mechanisms through which credit is available to SMEs, and describes the work of a Peruvian NGO network- IDESI- which specialises in providing credit and related services to small businesses, and in making strategic linkages between the popular sector and the conventional banking system.     

The production and marketing of sustainable forest products: chewing gum in Mexico

Natural chewing gum (chicle) represents just 3.5 per cent of the total chewing-gum market, which is dominated by synthetic chewing gum made from hydrocarbons. However, recent interest in sustainable livelihood strategies has opened up opportunities for enlarging chicle commercialisation for what is still a small, niche market. The production of chicle can serve to strengthen forest conservation and provide regular employment to those dependent on forest products, as part of a range of sustainable forest activities. However, the production and marketing of natural chewing gum have faced several serious problems: producers in Mexico have been organised in ways that enabled them to be exploited by both intermediaries and state institutions, and the processes of certification for organics and fair trade are unwieldy and expensive. This article suggests a number of ways of addressing these problems.     

Contribution of parkland trees to farmers’ livelihoods: a case study from Mali

Native species of trees and shrubs contribute significantly to farmers' livelihoods by supplying food, medicinal products, fodder, and wood. In the case study reported in this article, this contribution to farmers' annual revenue varied from 26 per cent to 73 per cent, and was as high as US$ 650 a year for households for which agroforestry products were the primary source of revenue. Household consumption was not quantified in the study, but farmers' comments confirmed that native trees also played an important role in assuring food security, especially in the ‘hunger period’ when grain stores are low and farmers are waiting for the next harvest.     

The role of non-timber forest products in poverty reduction in India: prospects and problems

The vast natural resources of India's forests, including non-timber forest products (NTFPs), such as medicinal and aromatic plants, leaves, fruits, seeds, resins, gums, bamboos, and canes, offer employment that provides up to half the income of about 25 per cent of the country's rural labour force. However, poor harvesting practices and over-exploitation in the face of increasing market demand are threatening the sustainability of these resources, and thus the livelihoods of forest-dependent tribal communities. This article analyses the role of NTFPs in livelihoods-improvement initiatives and considers recent initiatives intended to enhance their conservation and sustainable management. It recommends policies to optimise the potential of NTFPs, both to support rural livelihoods and to contribute to India's social, economic, and environmental well-being.     

Mimetic creativity in Japanese translations of Edgar Allen Poe

Abstract:

This study of contemporary Japanese translations of selected stories of Edgar Allen Poe argues that contemporary translators have adopted a creative strategy of translation that succeeds in avoiding what Berman has called ‘the destruction of underlying networks of signification’. In a writer of gothic horror such as Poe, chains of expression that establish a mood and visualization are vital to building the reader’s sense of fear and anticipation. The current study shows that the Japanese translators employ sound symbolism and alliteration to create a feeling akin to that in Poe, yet their application of such techniques is distributed differently than in Poe’s original language, and differently from one another. This article examines the use of mimetics in four contemporary Japanese translations of two of Poe’s gothic horror narratives and two translations of one detective narrative. The results show that the Japanese translators used mimetic words in their translations at rates similar to those found in recent studies of selected writers of modern and contemporary fiction. The second finding is that when translating the passages containing the seventy-six sound-symbolic forms in the English source text, the translators of Poe used Japanese mimetic terms 34 per cent of the time. The third finding is that the 34 per cent figure for percentage of sound-symbolic English words translated with mimetic expressions in the target text represented only 12 percent of the total number of mimetics (355 tokens) used in the Japanese translations. The fourth finding reveals an overlap in translator use of a mimetic averaging 42.6 per cent.     

Measuring peace using household-level data from post-conflict Solomon Islands

The definition of peace and its quantification has challenged many researchers. The extant literature defines and measures peace in contradistinction to violence, thereby making the measure an indirect one. There is scope for the alternative of a direct measure of peace in the form of a Peace Perception Index (PPI) as revealed here. We use household-level survey data from Guadalcanal Province in the Solomon Islands to compute the PPI. Our analysis shows that the once conflict-affected communities on Guadalcanal have attained a PPI of 88 per cent of the level of peace prior to the conflict. That is, the perception of the level of peace in the sampled community has improved to 88 per cent since the installation of a peacekeeping mission a decade back. We argue that recognising the people’s perceptions, rather than the use of the absolute minimalist or maximalist notion of peace provides nuances on the levels of peace reached in a post-conflict situation.     

Outside looking in: non-accession to the WTO

Since its institutional birth in 1947, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) / World Trade Organization (WTO) has mushroomed from 23 original contracting parties to 157 members as of September 2012. Another 28 countries are currently observers, each at varying stages of the accession process. WTO members and observers cover some 99 per cent of the world's population and over 99 per cent of global trade. However, there are still 13 states outside the multilateral rules-based trading system. This paper argues that existing explanations of membership and accession do not fully explain why these states remain outside the WTO, with implications for membership in international institutions generally. The paper tests hypotheses of non-membership based on a lack of willingness (domestic support), ability (technical capacity) or external pressure, and augments these statistical findings with a comparative country-level narrative of WTO (non-)accession decision-making in two small island countries.