试论青少年被害预防制度的构建

青少年被害原因是多方面的,例如社会对于青少年被害预防宣传不到位、保护力量有限、立法存在缺陷、救助机制不健全、学校和家庭对青少年被害预防教育不重视、个人缺乏被害预防意识等。预防青少年被害,需要国家加强宣传和保护,完善立法,建立救助机制;需要学校和家庭加强对青少年被害预防的教育;更需要个人提高被害预防的意识。     

The Justice Model in the Juvenile Justice System: Washington State's Experience

In 1977, the Washington State Legislature enacted radical modifications of its juvenile justice code. Explicitly abandoning the parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile justice system, a "justice" philosophy was adopted. Provisions of the law include a determinate sentencing structure, the divestiture of status offenses, greater due process rights for juveniles, and a formalized diversion process which emphasizes accountability rather than treatment. This paper brings together the available research on the implementation of the law to assess how the introduction of a justice approach has influenced equality, fairness, and punishment levels in Washington State's juvenile justice system.     

浅谈行政信息公开制度对公共权力腐败的遏制机理

公共权力腐败是困扰人类文明和社会发展的一个痼疾,它的存在有其必然性根源。本文首先剖析了公共权力腐败的必然性,然后阐述了行政信息公开制度产生的背景,最后重点论述了行政信息公开对公共权力腐败的遏制机理。     

诊所法律教育:目标设计与实现

诊所法律教育的目标是培养具备法律职业技能和具有法律职业道德的应用型法律人才并通过法律实践服务社会。诊所法律教育可分为职业技能培训和职业道德培养、法律事务实践和法律诊所管理三个模块,在法律事务实践中采用十步规程法进行全流程控制管理。诊所法律教育的目标实现需要切实、合理地解决法律诊所管理制度建设、教材规划、课程考核体系、案件来源、经费支持、教师的角色定位及学生办案权利限制等问题。     

Juvenile Delinquency in the Cross-Cultural Context: The Egyptian Experience

This essay is a theoretical analysis of the cultural and structural factors that define and explain the extent of juvenile delinquency in the Arab Republic of Egypt. While delinquency in the United States and other Western countries continues to increase in rates as well as in the degree of violence, juvenile delinquency in Egypt remains relatively stable and remarkably benign. This can be attributed to three main factors: (a) an orthodox religion-based value system in which Islamic institutions exert dominant influences on the day-to-day moral behavior of juveniles; (b) a closely-knit family structure that functions within a communitarian environment in which children are constantly disciplined whereas they are taught socially acceptable behavior and shamed when they succumb to criminal behavior; and (c) an extraordinarily progressive juvenile justice system, which treats delinquency as a social phenomenon rather than a criminal endeavor. The study presents statistical data, based on official statistics, which show the levels of predelinquent and delinquent activity in the different provinces based on their degree of urbanization. Furthermore, the study attempts to explain the reasons behind the present deviance in society by discussing the possible impact of Social Control Theory, Strain Theory, and the idea of Relative Deprivation. The more serious aspects of deviance, it appears, emerged during the infitah era (economic opening) championed by president Sadat in the mid-seventies as an attempt to modernize—and westernize—the traditionally conservative nation.     

Statewide Recommendations for Improving Juvenile Justice: The Louisiana Experience

The results contained herein reflect a statewide process of bringing together practitioners and citizens from all aspects of the juvenile justice system in the State of Louisiana to identify issues and recommendations to improve the lives of Louisiana's children. The results of the process indicate that participants are more interested in prevention and early intervention than incarceration and control methods of overcoming delinquency. The four main areas of concern are: (1) a fragmented juvenile justice system; (2) education; (3) family; and (4) youth empowerment. These results were presented statewide to policy makers through conference presentations. The results of the Think Tank indicate that participants favor expanding services, better use of available resources, and focusing on prevention. Participants hope that the results of this event will serve as a catalyst for change in Louisiana.     

以公共服务为着眼点,加强人事编制工作信息化建设

提供公共人事服务是人事部门基于市场经济体制下转变政府职能的一个目标,而加强公共人事信息服务则是实现这一目标的基础.本文以信息化建设为切入点,探讨市场经济条件下社会对公共人事服务的需求以及人事部门应对这种需求在信息化建设方面应做的工作,在概括分析信息化建设存在的问题的基础上,对信息化建设提出了相应的对策.     

以抵押方式适用按揭担保的制度设计

“正在建造的建筑物”的规定及其他相关条文,并未涵盖按揭实践;按揭担保“物”是建立在按揭融资成功后而享有的购房合同之债权,是一种不动产上的期待性财产权利或权益;现代社会财产从有体物到无体物的财产权利、从现有利益到将来利益的扩张,促使物权法上物的概念的拓展成为必要,物权法立法已体现了物权的新理念;按揭担保机制中不动产期待权利的物权属性,必须置于物权新理念下加以解析和构塑,《草案》以抵押方式适用按揭担保的制度设置必须重新构架;而按揭机制仍有一部分问题必须在抵押方式之外谋求制度设置。     

论著作权集体管理制度:法经济学的视角

为降低交易成本,著作权集体管理机构应该在某一权项方面是垄断的。由于在市场交易中,合作均衡能够协调定价,但由于作品销售者数量很多,在著作权人之间不可能达成合作均衡;而在纳什均衡中,著作权人的利益并没有最大化。为了产生合作均衡效应,就应该发挥著作权集体管理的作用。因此,著作权集体管理机构应该具有基于信托的定价能力和权威,同时为防止合作博弈中的弊端,应该允许著作权人与它进行竞争,它也应该接受政府的监督。     

知识产权质押融资中政府支持政策的实施和完善

现行各地知识产权融资贴息、风险补偿等财政支持政策的设置和实施呈现出政策目标单一、支持标准和力度不一、资金保障和政策可持久性不足,法律效力不足、政策支持前景不甚明朗等问题。政府应以政策性融资为主,建立长期稳健的中小企业知识产权融资的政策支持机制,在省一级层次上实现政策支持的统一是必要和可行的。     

Speed Bumps On The Information Superhighway: A Study Of Federal Agency Compliance With The Electronic Freedom Of Information Act Of 1996

The Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 amended the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 to clarify that computerized agency records are subject to disclosure under the FOIA. Congress passed the 1996 amendments because federal agencies for many years had been withholding computerized records and databases from the public. Another feature of the EFOIA requires agencies to publish their policies and rules on the Internet. The rationale behind this provision was to guard against the development of "secret law" known only to agency officials, but not to members of the public who deal with the agencies. The purpose of this article is to examine how federal agencies have complied with the EFOIA in its first few years of implementation. A look at the documented early history of EFOIA compliance reveals agency performance has been marked by slow starts, missed deadlines and general confusion over exactly what kinds of records qualify as disclosable records under the statute.     

从福建林产权制度改革看阿拉善沙化土地治理模式

沙化土地治理是我国土地荒漠化治理的重中之中,多年来一直处于探索实验阶段.福建林产权制度改革的成功经验为我们找到一条治理荒漠化土地的最佳途径提供了范例,以沙化土地产权制度改革为核心,在现有法律制度的总体框架内,在政府引导下发挥市场的主导作用,社会、企业、个人共同努力,才能使沙化土地的治理有所突破和改观.     

The Violent Female Juvenile Offender: An Ignored Minority Within the Juvenile Justice System

Little attention is given to the violent female adolescent. While there is no argument that males commit most of the violent crimes (both juveniles and adults), violent females may demand the attention of policy-makers and administrators. Historically there has been a lack of program offerings for these offenders. This article examines violent female adolescent offenders referred to the Clark County (Las Vegas, Nevada) Juvenile Court Services in two different years (1985 and 1988). This examination includes a review of programs and alternatives for these offenders and a review of what is currently being done by the juvenile justice system to accommodate this population. Dispositions and programmatic treatment offerings for violent adolescent males and females are compared. Recommendations are offered for the juvenile justice system for consideration.     

Developing Countries and the Implementation of CITES: The Mexican Experience

A key issue for the success of international conventions regulating biodiversity conservation is to understand the different philosophical positions of each party for initially acceding to that convention, and for the measures each party takes to implement that convention. This paper documents policies for wildlife trade regulation in Mexico from the early 1980s to the early 2000s, with emphasis on the process of CITES implementation. Mexico was slow to adopt environmental policies, but when Mexico did recognize wider environmental concerns, the prospect of acceding to CITES was not considered because of existing bans on all wildlife trade in native species. However, Mexico could not control the illegal trade of wild species during the 1980s. Mexico acceded to CITES in 1991 mainly in response to international pressure and to bilateral pressure while seeking to join a free trade agreement. The step of joining CITES was taken without clear analysis about the consequences of being a party to the Convention. Between 1992 and 1996, Mexico had no clear policy about its role within CITES. The period from 1997 to 2001 witnessed an improved legal and administrative structure and a greater internal coordination between the institutions involved with CITES. Mexico has now improved its policy toward international wildlife trade.     

中欧企业环境信息强制公开制度比较研究

企业环境信息强制公开是企业履行社会责任的重要形式,欧盟在《污染物排放与转移登记议定书》中建立了较为完善的企业环境信息强制公开(PRTR)制度。我国与欧盟企业在环境信息强制公开主体、范围、程序以及法律责任方面存在巨大的差异。借鉴欧盟企业环境信息强制公开立法经验,将有助于健全我国企业环境信息强制公开法规体系,完善企业环境信息强制公开制度。