东欧、中东欧和东南欧的社会主义觅踪

苏东剧变使原苏东地区的国家格局不仅发生了重组,而且社会发展的方向也发生了根本性的变化。20年之后,这里的国家社会发展状况怎样?内政外交呈现什么特点?本文作者根据自己的实地考察,从观感角度作了比较和分析,并在此基础之上,反思了社会转型的若干问题。     

中东乱局下沙特与伊朗的地区“新冷战”

<正>2015年以来,也门危机持续升温,尤其2015年3月沙特空袭胡塞武装,意味着也门危机已由内部冲突升格为地区冲突。这场危机是沙特与伊朗间的"代理人战争",是沙特与伊朗无处不在的"新冷战"的最新标本。总体看,沙特与伊朗的地区争夺,对地区格局产生多重负面影响。沙特与伊朗崛起成为"新常态"长期以来,中东地区一直是多极并存且相互制衡,由此使地区格局维持脆弱平衡的状态。2011年中东剧变后,中东原有政治生态被打破,地区国家力量此消彼长。在海湾地区,     

剧变后东欧共产主义政党状况研究

东欧剧变后,一批新的共产主义政党在这一地区建立起来。围绕着摆脱历史羁绊、实现党的现代化,东欧共产主义政党不断调整自己的政策,经过艰难复苏,逐步融入到现行的多党竞争的议会体制中。剧变20年后,东欧共产主义政党的数量已超过30个,成为世界社会主义运动中一股不可或缺的力量。     

摩尔多瓦:"红色政权"重新崛起

摩尔多瓦虽是个仅有3万多平方公里领土和4万多人口的小国,却由于摩尔多瓦共产党人党上台执政,而成为苏东剧变十年后该地区"红色政权"第一个重新崛起的国家.     

社会转型、新国家构建和社会发展——“原苏东地区”近30年状况的研究

在苏东剧变以后的30年里,对从"原苏东地区"延续下来的国家和对苏联的继承者俄罗斯、南斯拉夫的继承者塞尔维亚来说,社会转型和社会发展是主要内容。然而,对其他在剧变过程中和其后出现的国家来说,新国家构建和社会发展是主要内容。单纯的社会转型无论是时间上还是在空间上都涵盖不了"原苏东地区"。在30年的社会转型、新国家构建和社会发展过程中,"原苏东地区"有明显的去苏联模式化的共性、差别明显的地区性和彰显自身历史文化的个性等三重特征。正是因如此,"原苏东地区"各国最近30年的状况不仅是丰富多彩的,更是差异性特别大和内涵极为复杂的。正确地认识"原苏东地区"的多样性、差别性和复杂性,是践行"一带一路"倡议和在"16+1"框加内加强中国与中东欧国家有效合作的基本前提。     

当前中东政党政治的新走向

<正>中东剧变以来,地区民主政治不断成熟与发展,政党政治在国家政治中的分量日益突出。虽然中东政治多元化趋势日益明显,但传统大党仍能保持执政地位。伊斯兰温和政党相继参与本国民主政治进程,虽当前遭遇挫折,但仍将是地区政治中一支重要力量。地区相关政党顺应历史潮流,采取理性务实政策,使久拖不决的热点问题迎来重大转机。中国应抓住历史契机,加强与地区国家的党际交流,全方位打造新时期中国与中     

在逆境中探索的捷摩共

<正>2013年10月,捷克举行议会提前选举,捷克和摩拉维亚共产党(简称捷摩共)获得14.9%的选票,在众议院获得33席(共200席),位列第三。捷摩共是东欧剧变后该地区唯一沿用共产党名称、保持老党框架并在捷克独立后历次大选中进入议会的政党。剧变以来,捷摩共始终坚持马克思主义,将党的奋斗目标确立为实现共产主义,并通过艰苦不懈的斗争和细致扎实的工作,积极宣传党的纲领     

困难重重希望犹存--2016年西亚北非地区形势特点

中东剧变已经历六个年头，许多国家引入西式民主，不仅未能实现所谓“民主”、“自由”，反而使地区陷入“乱而不治”“破而未立”的尴尬境地，催生更多政治、经济和社会问题，引发教派纷争、民族矛盾、政局动荡、经济下滑、民生凋敝。“走什么路”成为摆在各国面前的艰难抉择，地区国家探索适合本国国情的发展道路仍然任重而道远。     

国外学者关于苏联模式和社会主义前途的思考

十几年来国外马克思主义学者和实践者对苏东剧变问题进行了多方面的分析研究,对苏联社会主义模式及其在苏东剧变中的作用作出了评价,对苏东剧变后马克思主义的发展前途和社会主义的命运进行了判断。尽管他们对苏联社会主义模式的历史作用看法不尽相同,但对社会主义的未来则都充满了信心。     

苏东社会主义受挫二十年祭

2009年是东欧剧变、冷战结束20周年。为此，本刊特设“东欧剧变二十年后再思考”专栏，约请国外政党高层及国内外知名学者撰文阐述最新见解，以飨读者。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.