法学研究如何学术——学术史方法的重申

当下中国法学研究学术性不强的原因主要在于法学研究者自身,因此需要将视线转向学术本身。基于学术史方法是学术最基本方法的判断,可以发现中国法学研究学术性不强的原因在于学术史方法的缺失,这使得中国法学研究中的学术性与非学术性混淆不清;法学难以确立自己学科的独立地位;法学研究中引证混乱并难以发挥学术评价功能;法学研究中学术传统西化倾向严重。而当代中国法学研究学术性完善之路在于:实用标准与学术标准的适度分离,确立学术的独立性与学术评价的独立标准;增强对学术重要性的认识;加强学术史意识,强化学术规范;自觉推动法学学术传统的中国化。学术性、学术史方法并不是我们对法学研究的更高要求,而只是提醒我们在法学研究中首先要回到学术研究的基本方法然后再谈其他方法。     

Science Is Golden: Academic R&D and University Patents

Many studies have shown indirect effects of academic research by linking academic research to firm patents. However, since the Bayh-Dole Act, universities are allowed to patent inventions that were funded by federal money and to retain the royalties that these patents generate. As a consequence, universities now are interested in protecting their profitable discoveries, just like any commercial firm doing R&D. In this paper, we apply the econometric techniques traditionally used to estimate the patent production function of firms to data on the patents of American universities. We find that more money spent on academic research leads to more university patents, with elasticities that are similar to those found for commercial firms. In addition, we provide estimates of the effect of establishing a Technology Transfer Office on a university's patent output.     

大学基层学术组织建设的法律基础探析

大学不仅承担着为社会培养人才的职能,而且更是一个学术组织,承担着传承文化,创新科技等科学研究的重要功能。为了能够更好地完成这些功能,必须调动高校内部发挥核心作用的广大教师的积极性。建立和完善高校内部基层学术组织,保证其合法性,明确其法律地位,是激发高校教师科研动力,提高科研水平的基础性保证。     

关于学风问题的思考

目前学风问题引起了社会的广泛关注。针对学风问题的主要观点,本文分析了对学风问题的产生根源及治理对策。     

The nexus between science and industry: evidence from faculty inventions

Knowledge transfer from science to industry has been shown to be beneficial for the corporate partner. In order to get a better understanding of the reasons behind these positive effects, this study focuses on the junction of science and industry by comparing characteristics of academic inventions that are transferred to industry and those staying in the public sector. Academic inventions are identified via patent applications of German academic scientists. We find that academic patents assigned to corporations are more likely to enable firms reaping short term rather than, possibly more uncertain, long-run returns, in contrast to patents that stay in the public sector. Firms also strive for academic inventions with a high blocking potential in technology markets. Academic patents issued to corporations appear to reflect less complex inventions as compared to inventions that are patented by the public science sector.     

论学术自由权的保障与救济

学术自由权是学术共同体及其成员 ,在探查、研究、探讨记录、生产、创造、教学、讲演以及写作等活动中享有的追求、发展、传授知识的自由权。作为一种精神自由权 ,学术自由权具有非政治性、消极否定性等宪法权利属性。学术自由权的实现需要宪法与法律的保障。目前 ,学术自由权在我国还难以得到充分有效的保障 ,应当建立各种相关机制有效保护学术自由权的实现。当学术自由权受到侵害时 ,其实是保障学术自由的法律和制度受到侵害 ,因此 ,对学术自由权的救济可以诉诸司法和行政两个途径。     

大众学术：中国学术建制化的困境

中国学术建制化水平很低是不争的事实.当前中国学术界的诸多问题,如低水平重复、粗制滥造、泡沫学术、抄袭剽窃、学术评审深度腐败等都是这一事实的表现.学术建制化水平与学术人口之间有密切的关系.知识生产的稳定发展取决于学术建制化水平和学术人口之间的比率,在学术建制化水平很低的情况下,学术人口的膨胀只会带来负面效应,并将妨碍学术的建制化;反之,如果学术建制化水平很高,那么学术机制会自行调节学术人口,使之与学术发展规模和水平相适应.前者带来的是我们所称的"大众学术",而学术建制化水平与学术人口相当的时候则是"精英学术".大众学术形态所引致的学术高科层化、低建制化及其集体性与个体性、唯智主义与反智主义的矛盾,已经成了当代中国学术发展难以挣脱的"铁笼".     

Success Factors in Canadian Academic Spin-Offs

In the last 20 years Canadian university produced some 1200 spin-off companies, out of which 5–6% are still independent and quoted in the stock exchanges. This study analysed these public companies in terms of industry, technologies, regions, universities and growth. The paper finds that the growing companies of the 2000s are most often not in biotechnology, in spite of their frequent support by venture capital. Conversely spin-off companies that grew had often obtained patents and received support from the Industrial Research Assistance Program, a support program for R&D in smaller firms, managed by the National Research Council of Canada.     

论学术评价机制的完善

现代管理主义的兴起对学术产生了冲击,使得学术职业的传统和特有的价值理念受到了前所未有的冲击,使学术不端行为的产生成为必然。现行学术评价机制的缺陷主要包括考核指标体系不合理,评价方式和程序的异化。不合理的评价机制对学术不端起了推波助澜的作用。因此要建立新的学术评价机制;建立多样化的评价体系,使评价标准理性化。同时要建立正当的学术评价程序,学术问题只能由学者解决,专家评议必须有规范的程序。     

学术自由的宪法权利属性初探

学术自由的高等教育哲学基础主要表现为"政治论"和"认识论"。有关学术自由的各种思想学说构成了学术自由的哲学基础,其中比较有影响的思想学说有:理性主义真理观、为了人类福祉说、宽容说、出版自由说、思想自由、良心自由、精神与信仰自由说。以此为基础,学术自由被当作一种宪法自由权时,其权利属性可以归结为精神自由,具有非政治性和消极否定性。     

寻找学术自由之奥义:学术—政治关系的宪政维度

学术自由与学术规范相为里、表,共同体现着话语权的分散化配置,并由此关联着共和精神和分力格局。学术自由故而为宪政的题中之义。宪政体制下政治系统对学术自由的尊重和对学术的纯粹性的敬畏,自有其内在逻辑。当代的情形则是,学术被纳入了相应的政治动员之中,从而形成了学术—政治关系的复杂形态。不过,宪政体制下对学术的政治动员和法治—宪政进程中对学术的政治动员呈现出不同的情形。     

The commercialization of academic patents: black boxes,pipelines, and Rubik’s cubes

Drawing on histories of technological innovation originating from research by faculty at The Pennsylvania State University and Johns Hopkins University, this paper presents evidence for a “technology” as well as an “intellectual property rights” research approach to the commercialization of academic patents. By describing how inventor and firm activities and strategies affect the technical development and commercial positioning of university patents, a technology focus adds depth to the general proposition that university patents are embryonic technologies. It likewise serves as an analytical probe to reconsider other mainstream propositions about university technology transfer.     

裁判文书援引学说的基本原理与规则建构

学说的内容实质正当性及其约束法官自由裁量空间的外观进而增强裁判可接受性的功能,是裁判文书援引学说的基本原理,也是建构援引规则的出发点。学说根据其竞争力可以分为通说、主流说、少数说,法官既可以援引通说也可以援引非通说;援引非通说应当成为援引的主流。法官在援引学说时应尽量采用对话技术,尤其是在援引通说时应尽量避免对学说进行大篇幅的“复制与粘贴”;应尽量援引不同体裁的代表性作品以体现学说的数量优势外观。学者姓名承担了标识学术产品的质量担保功能、“商誉”功能与司法修辞功能,学说出处具有定位学者学说发展脉络等功能,援引学说须注明姓名与出处。裁判文书援引学术作品实质上是法官“购买”学术产品的行为,它将刺激处于供给侧的学者主动生产实务所需的产品,继而促成学术与实务的良性互动。最高人民法院可以考虑出台有关裁判文书援引学说的具体规则指引。     

学术自由:侵权与救济

学术自由侵权与其他侵权行为具有共性,但与一般侵权行为相比,行为的主观方面和行为后果不是认定学术自由侵权的必备要素。从学术自由权成立的正当性出发,有三类限制或禁止学术自由的行为是应予允许的。在现代社会中,按照在实践中得到运用的广泛程度和实际效果,最重要的学术自由权救济机制包括宪法救济、一般诉讼救济以及通过结社进行的自力救济。     

Do firms profit from involving academics when developing technology?

The Journal of Technology Transfer - In this study, we analyze the contribution of academics to corporate technology development. Firm patents that involve (Flemish) academic inventors are...     

特色:公安学术期刊永恒的主题

公安学术期刊的特色就是以特色栏目的创建为基础,突出优势学科、选定研究方向,策划重点选题,展开学术争鸣。通过集中优质资源,办好特色栏目,更好地引导公安学术研究向纵深发展。为此必须以特色化为办刊理念,以优秀的编辑团队为主体,以高水平的学术成果为支撑。     

美国非显而易见性判定实践的误区和难点

非显而易见性要求是专利诉讼焦点之一,也是判定实践的难点之一,特别是对生物技术等一些新兴的领域。2009年Kubin案对非显而易见性的判定结果引发了关于基因专利非显而易见性的激烈讨论。通过结合相关实践案例分析,指出美国专利非显而易见性的判定实践的误区和难点。     

论公安高校的科研工作

在公安高校中开展科研工作既有利于促进教学和人才培养质量的提高,又是学科建设之源,应从加强领导、理顺关系、 整合力量、强化管理等方面着手,实现科研学术水平的不断提升。     

法治思维视阈下科技伦理教育观完善探析——基于当下科技发展中学术道德失范行为现象的思考

学术瑕疵类、学术垄断类失范行为之所以普遍存在,与科技伦理教育观密切相关。当前,我国的科技伦理教育主要存在法治意识淡薄,忽视培养具有法治思维的科技伦理专业人才,以及缺乏法治化制度保障等问题。然而,法治思维作为社会治理的核心思维,具有将其引入科技伦理教育的必要性和可行性。为实现规制学术道德失范行为以净化科技伦理生态的道德理想,需要在科技伦理教育的过程中中融入法治思维并凸显法治作用,从而构筑起坚不可摧的法治屏障。所以,法治思维视域下科技伦理教育观的完善应从德法并重,严重的学术道德失范行为应以法律规制为主,且科技伦理教育中亟待重视法治思维的培育等方面着力;法治思维视域下,高等院校与科研机构对于科研人员科技伦理教育观的培育应从增设科技法和知识产权法课程,强化警示教育,且在对于学术道德失范行为的学术研究和立法规制等方面努力。     

Knowledge diffusion from university and public research. A comparison between US,Japan and Europe using patent citations

This paper estimates the process of diffusion and decay of knowledge from university, public laboratories and corporate patents in six countries and tests the differences across countries and across technological fields using data from the European Patent Office. It finds that university and public research patents are more cited relatively to companies’ patents. However these results are mainly driven by the Chemical, Drugs & Medical, and Mechanical fields and US universities. In Europe and Japan, where the great majority of patents from public research come from national agencies, there is no evidence of a superior fertility of university and public laboratory patents vis à vis corporate patents. The distribution of the citation lags shows that knowledge embedded in university and public research patents tends to diffuse more rapidly relative to corporate ones in particular in the US, Germany, France and Japan.