索马里海盗赎金的共同海损性质论

索马里海盗并非恐怖主义,船东支付海盗赎金解救被劫船货不应被认定为非法。在索马里海盗劫持船货期间,船舶和货物面临共同的真实危险。在公权力救助没有取得效果的情形下,支付赎金是解救船货的合理措施。赎金是船东应尽的法定义务之外的损失,是船东为船货利益作出的自我牺牲,符合共同海损的构成要件。基于保护和平衡船货双方利益的宗旨,应将索马里海盗赎金认定为共同海损,并由船货双方予以分摊。     

海商法视角内的海盗强索赎金问题

海盗劫持船舶已成为威胁国际航运安全的重要因素,大多数海盗劫持船舶事件最终都以向海盗缴纳赎金的方式解决。虽然海盗行为属于国际刑法的研究范畴,但海盗索取赎金的后果关乎船货双方的风险和损失分担问题,因此,有必要在海商法的视角内对此加以研究。根据海盗索取赎金时所指向的对象,赎金分为船货赎金、船员赎金和乘客赎金三类,应通过赎金的性质确定风险的最终承担者。     

从海盗赎金的双重性质看船东与货主的博弈

船东遭受的索马里海盗赎金损失,同时符合海难救助和共同海损的构成要件。从船东单方利益看,船东支付赎金的行为是海难救助,但此主张无法使船东从海难救助制度中获益。若主张共同海损,船东可从船舶保险中获赔,获得共同海损的多种担保方式,对无法从货主处实现的共同海损分摊可从船东保赔协会获得补偿,甚至船货同属一人时,该主张亦成立,这符合船东的利益;从船货利益的一致性看,这符合船东与货主的共同利益;从行业特征来看,作为海上运输的参与者和受益者,货主与船东一起分担海上风险,这符合海运业发展的客观要求。共同海损的主张是船货双方利益博弈的结果,体现了海商法为平衡船货利益和维护海运业发展在这背后所进行的调整。     

Taking Responsibility for Negligence and Non-negligence

Negligence reminds us that we often do and cause things unawares, occasionally with grave results. Given the lack of foresight and intention, some authors argue that people should not be judged culpable for negligence. This paper offers a contrasting view. It argues that gaining control (over our agency, over a risky world) is itself a fundamental responsibility, with both collective and individual elements. The paper underlines both sides, focussing on how they relate as we ascribe responsibility or culpability. Following the introduction, Section 2 (“Culpability and Control: The Negligence Sceptics”) argues that conscious awareness is neither necessary nor sufficient for control. Control is not a property of deliberate choice, so much as a practical achievement. Section 3 (“Non-negligence as a Shared Task”) stresses the collective aspects of non-negligence: creating knowledge about risks, structuring environments to guard against them, and developing standards of care. Failings in the collective task, rather than lack of individual control, mean it can often be unfair to pin culpability on a single individual. Section 4 (“Culpability for Negligence Revisited”) suggests that a basic duty of a responsible person is to acknowledge the ways in which we may do more or less than we mean to, often in ways that create risks. It then sketches an approach to culpability as part of a collective exercise: as we take responsibility for standards of care, and for our own and others’ agency.

     

Molecular-genetic identification of the hostages killed in the terror act on September 1-3, 2004, in Beslan

The authors describe principles, methods and staging of molecular-genetic identification of hostages killed in the Beslan terroristic act. Cases when it was impossible to identify person definitely are explained. Precise staging of the expert investigation is of key importance.     

Position Taking and Cosponsorship in the U.S. House

Bill cosponsorship has become an important part of the legislative and electoral process in the modern House of Representatives. Using interviews with congressional members and staff, I explain the role of cosponsorship as a signal to agenda setters and a form of position taking for constituents. Regression analysis confirms that cosponsoring varies with a member's electoral circumstances, institutional position, and state size, but generally members have adapted slowly to the introduction of cosponsorship to the rules and practice of the House.     

论美国管制征收的认定标准

管制征收是在政府管制日益增多的情况下,为了保障私人使用不动产的权益而在美国产生的一种新型的征收理论。只有符合一定的标准才能认定政府对私人使用不动产的管制转化为征收,即出现了管制征收。美国管制征收的认定由价值减损标准、违宪条件标准、明确的投资回报期待以及政府行为的性质等四个主要标准来认定。     

警察出庭作证制度论纲

警察作证制度有着丰富的理论基础与诉讼价值.实体价值在于发现实体真实,实现实体公正、正义和公平;其程序价值在于维护被告人的质证权,提高诉讼效率,防止非法取证.然而,我国目前并未形成完善的刑事警察作证制度.本文拟从刑事诉讼价值的角度来论述警察作证制度的必要性和可行性,提出我国刑事警察作证制度的拟制方案.     

警察出庭作证制度论纲

警察作证制度有着丰富的理论基础与诉讼价值.实体价值在于发现实体真实,实现实体公正、正义和公平;其程序价值在于维护被告人的质证权,提高诉讼效率,防止非法取证.然而,我国目前并未形成完善的刑事警察作证制度.本文拟从刑事诉讼价值的角度来论述警察作证制度的必要性和可行性,提出我国刑事警察作证制度的拟制方案.     

关于刑事责任能力评定大纲的建议稿

全国迄今为止无统一的刑事责任能力评定标准,司法精神病学鉴定中,迫切需要一个医学与法学相结合的评定大纲,根据这一现实需求,笔者医法结合,还借鉴了法治国家的先进经验,拟定了一个建议稿供同仁批评指正.     

关于刑事责任能力评定大纲的建议稿

全国迄今为止无统一的刑事责任能力评定标准,司法精神病学鉴定中,迫切需要一个医学与法学相结合的评定大纲,根据这一现实需求,笔者医法结合,还借鉴了法治国家的先进经验,拟定了一个建议稿供同仁批评指正.     

美国管理性征收中公共利益标准的最新发展——以林戈尔案的判决为中心的考察

美国土地管制法制的改革呈现出公益理论的新进展,即最高法院沿着放宽公益审查这一主轴来解决"管理性征收"的判定问题.为了克服公益标准无法解决政府补偿责任问题的不足,解决传统规则导致的"管理性征收"界定过程的混乱与片面,美国最高法院在2005年林戈尔案中废弃了行之多年的公益审查标准--"实质增进州利益"标准,代之以偏重于审查管制手段合理性的管理性征收新规则.但是,作为衡量管制手段正当性的公益标准,仍然与管理性征收的判断保持着密切的联结性.     

Evaluation of antisera for bloodstain grouping. I. ABH, MN, and Rh

Sixty-eight different commercially available blood grouping antisera and lectins with ABH, MN, and Rh D, C, E, c, and e specificities were serologically evaluated for their applicability to bloodstain antigen determination. The characteristics of the antisera were determined with red cells, with fresh bloodstains, and with series of aging bloodstains. The Rh antisera were tested under a variety of serological conditions and with bloodstains on various substrata. Additionally, studies on optimization of absorption-elution procedure variables were carried out, and some data on the storage characteristics of red cells and blood grouping antisera were gathered.