我国法官性别比例失衡现象实证分析——以上海市、杭州市为样本

目前我国法院体制内,总体上男性法官多于女性法官,在基层法院中女性法官比例远远大于中级、高级人民法院的女性法官比例,预备法官性别数据所呈现的女性多于男性的现象、离职法官中的男性法官居多的现象。目前法官群体在总数上男性多于女性,以此为基数,女性法官数量有不断增加的趋势,法官离职现象又使得男性法官数量不断减少,法官性别比例失衡现象逐渐形成。在司法审判实践中,男性法官和女性法官会在特定领域发挥其特有的性别优势,针对失衡现象进行积极调试的措施是必要的,唯此才能确保社会需要与司法实践呈现出良性循环。     

美国量刑理论中的关注焦点理论

关注焦点理论是美国刑事司法领域解释量刑差异的主流理论。该理论认为,法官和其他刑事司法系统的决策者在作出量刑决定时有三个关注焦点:罪犯的可谴责性、人身危险性,以及实践中的可操作性。由于法官在量刑时缺乏完整的信息,因此使用"感官速记"把对这三个焦点的关注转化为对性别、年龄、种族等表面信息的关注,导致"类案不同判"。对关注焦点的研究,在理论上有助于理解司法过程中量刑差异的产生原因,在实践中有助于解决量刑不规范的问题。通过介绍美国的关注焦点理论,以及这个理论框架下的实证研究和对关注焦点理论的评论,反思对我国量刑理论和实践的借鉴意义。     

法官员额制理论与实践思考

我国司法体制改革工作进一步深化,法官员额制的试点在上海进行,十八届四中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中也要求加强法治队伍建设,学界和实务界都给与了极大的关注.本文通过对法官员额制度与现行法律规范的内在逻辑、法官遴选的制度缺陷以及法官员额比例定量分析三个方面进行研究,提出应当将法官员额制改革放置于司法体制改革的大背景下全面考量,综合布局,以司法体制改革的总体思路指导法官员额制改革,在逐步完成法官员额制的其他必备条件下,有步骤、分阶段循序渐进的完成法官员额制改革,推进社会主义法治体系全面建成,保证公正司法,提高司法公信力.     

海外司法系列专题之四域外法官培训一瞥

随着现代法律制度的不断发展完善,日趋成熟的司法体系也对法官提出了越来越高的要求,为不断更新法官的知识和提高其业务素质,以适应办案的实际需要,各国都非常重视对法官的培训。由于不同国家在教育制度、司法体制、法律文化以及历史传统等方面的差异,其在法官培训的方式上也各具特色。如今,正值我国司法改革之际,学习与借鉴海外法官培训的先进经验,对于促进我国法官培训体系的完善有着重要意义。     

论司法廉洁视野下的法官良知建设

近年来司法廉洁的理论和实践一直受到高度关注,法官良知则是跨越法官文化、司法廉洁、司法伦理等多个领域且经久不息的论题.从司法廉洁视角审视法官良知建设的内涵,或以法官良知印证司法廉政建设的内在机理,均有更为深刻的含义.     

法官民事自由裁量权的规制

在法律体系内,法官自由裁量是司法正义的工具,但由于滥用已经遭到社会各界的批评,如何预防和控制法官自由裁量权滥用已经为法学界和实务界所关注。本文从法官民事自由裁量权的含义、法官民事自由裁量权滥用如何界定,并对其在立法、司法程序、加强法官队伍建设以及内外部的监督机制上进行规制,以保障该项权力功能正常发挥。     

司法知识供给机制研究

在中国的司法改革过程中，有一个非常值得关注和研究，但又鲜有人予以足够重视的问题，那就是法官司法知识的供给机制。由于基层法官的司法知识供给直接影响到最普遍最大众社会群体的司法需求和利益，以及国家法制建设的进程，因此本文主要通过对司法知识及司法知识供给机制相关理论的分析，对司法知识供给机制的竞争性本质和其维护弱势群体的价值目标进行分析，着重阐述基层法官司法知识供给的有效机制。     

司法经验中的生活体验——从典型女性法官形象切入

从典型女性法官的司法经验来看,她们之所以在日常的司法工作中有着突出的表现,以及她们的司法经验更易于获得社会的普遍认同,就在于她们都努力将个人的生活体验融入司法经验之中,不仅善于以"做人"的方式来"做事",而且也习惯于以"过日子"的态度和原则来"工作"。这些典型女性法官的司法经验和形象对于当下中国司法而言,可能意味着不仅要建构一种整体性司法知识观与司法模式,而且也要求中国法官能够运用一种更加实用也更生活化的司法方法。换言之,这些典型女性法官的司法经验对于当下中国的司法及其发展而言,可能意味着要以一种符合现代中国人的生活化眼光和生存性智慧来再造司法的知识理论与实践模式,在促成法律生活与日常生活更加紧密的互动融通的基础上,使司法及其方法更加规范化和生活化,唯此,才可能确保司法在更好地满足社会生活与司法需求的同时推动司法制度的良性发展。     

如何构建和完善员额制改革下的法官选拔和退出机制

实行法官员额制,凸显了司法改革对"人的因素"的关注,法官员额制度的建立,能够进一步完善以法官为主体、审判为核心的工作机制,真正凸显法官在法院中的核心地位。正如最高法院长期从事司法改革研究的贺小荣主任指出的,实行法官员额制的目的就是要让优秀的法官留在法官队伍中。法官员额制改革势在必行,那么在试点工作中,如何选任法官和建立法官的退出机制,科学配置审判资源,从而实现法官的整体优化,是亟待解决的问题。     

生命不能承受之重——司法权威视野下我国法官面临的现实困境与出路

一切社会改革都是以人为基础的改革。司法改革也必须以有一个优秀的法官群体为前提。在司法改革日益深化的形势下，大量的法官流失和司法权威的日渐式微，告诉我们必须关注、关心最基础的对象——法官。本文从一个法官的视角解析当前法官群体职业中遇到的各种困难、困惑、困境，探讨中国现实语境下如何破解法官困境，构建合理司法体制的可行性及现实路径。     

保障法官素质的标准和方法:法官资格考核与培训

我国法官素质已经引起了社会各界广泛的关注。如何使我国法官成为法律职业群体中的精英 ,不仅是一个实践问题 ,而且是一个涉及到根本宪政体制的理论问题。从这个意义上讲 ,提议中的统一司法资格考试不仅会对提高法官素质产生积极影响 ,而且会对一些宪政制度的方面 ,特别是司法改革 ,产生潜移默化的影响。但考试制度的改革这只是保障法官素质的基本措施之一。从统一司法资格考试开始 ,各种考核法官的方法都应当跟上 ,必要和经常性的法官培训制度应当逐步健全 ,严格和公开的法官任命制度也必须建立。     

Judging the Best Interests of the Child: Judges' Accounts of the Tender Years Doctrine

With dramatic changes in family life over the last several decades, child custody law has shifted from a maternal preference to a more egalitarian standard, the best interests of the child. Despite this change in the law, scholars have debated whether gender continues to play a role in the resolution of custody disputes. Drawing on feminist legal scholarship and sociolegal research on judges, I assess the current debates over gender and custody by examining the accounts of judges who frequently adjudicate custody cases. I conduct in-depth, face-to-face interviews with twenty-five trial court judges in Indiana and investigate judges' accounts about whether they continue to use the tender years doctrine in custody disputes, even though the custody statute is explicitly gender-neutral. Then, I assess several competing explanations of the variation across judges' accounts, including the judges' gender role attitudes, gender, age, and political party affiliation. In exploratory analyses, I also examine the contested custody rulings of a subset of nine judges to assess whether judges' accounts are congruent with their actual custody decisions. I discuss the implications of these findings in light of feminist legal scholarship as well as empirical research on child custody adjudication.     

试论西方女权主义理论走向

西方女权主义运动经历了三次高潮 :第一次以争取妇女参政权、受教育权和就业权等基本人权为重心 ;第二次在有关性别歧视的起源、性质及解决方式等问题上 ,出现了以自由女权主义、社会主义女权主义和激进女权主义为代表的三家之说 ;第三次高潮中 ,由于后现代主义话语理论影响 ,女权主义理论更强调女性经验的复杂性及建立女性话语的必要性。本文在此基础上预测了新世纪女权主义的基本走向     

把法官当“人”看——兼论程序失灵现象及其补救

中国司法审判中程序失灵现象泛滥的根本原因之一,即在于部分诉讼立法和管理规则与法官作为人的本性相冲突,要么没有合理关照法官的正当利益诉求,要么对法官滥用权力的冲动防范不足。一个必要的改进方向,就是正视法官作为社会人和经济人的本质,通过合理的制度设计引导法官将自利行为与司法公正融为一体,将制度规范内化为法官的自主行为,从而最终实现制度与行动者的协调统一。     

审判权缺位和失范之检讨——中国民事诉讼发展路向的思考

民事审判改革是二十年来民事诉讼理论和实践共同关注的课题。审判改革的实践为民事诉讼理论的发展提供了素材和机遇,民事诉讼理论为审判改革进行方向性的指引。但是,把纯粹的当事人主义诉讼模式和纯粹的程序公正等作为理想目标来进行制度建构,以改革职权主义的诉讼模式,却忽视了相关的理念和制度配合,造成了审判权的缺位与失范,现实与理想的距离越来越远。为此,理论上必须重新审视民事诉讼理念,通过确认审判权力和审判义务、承认法官独立等途径实现审判权之规制,完成中国版民事诉讼理论体系建构。     

“Worth It If It Saves Just One Life”? Ethical Reservations Regarding AMBER Alert

This article provides an exploratory ethical critique of the AMBER Alert system. Using illustrative examples of actual AMBER Alerts and the public discourse regarding them, it notes potentially problematic impacts on victims and/or offenders, and investigation of child abduction cases, as well as the public discourse about the system in particular and threats to children in general. None of these issues have been adequately addressed either by system operators in their public portrayals of the system or rigorous research as to their practical impacts, or in the suggestion of possible remedies. At the heart of the open and unresolved ethical quandaries confronting the AMBER Alert system lies a failure on the part of system operators and supporters to acknowledge apparent limits to the system's effectiveness, and an exaggeration of its capacities in the absence of adequate evidence, which should be sought in earnest through rigorous research. The article argues that system operators should discuss AMBER Alert more candidly and downplay expectations to avert at least some of the problems its facile portrayal can engender. The article also provides directions for future research on the system—research which could either show some of the ethical reservations that are cited to be moot, or reveal ways they could be resolved.     

依托学生党建增强高校主流意识形态话语权的路径思考

本文分析了高校主流意识形态话语权面临的挑战以及高校主流意识形态建设中存在的问题,阐释了学生党建与高校主流意识形态话语权二者之间的关系,在此基础上提出应从筑牢信仰之基、提升话语说服力、增强主流话语队伍战斗力、掌握网络空间话语权等方面入手,依托学生党建牢牢掌握高校主流意识形态的话语权。     

Publish or Paris? Evidence of How Judges Allocate Their Time

A utility-maximizing model of judicial behavior predicts that,all else equal, judges who have stronger preferences for publishingopinions, who have lighter workloads, or who are able to writepublishable decisions more efficiently are more likely to publishtheir decisions. Using federal district court judges' decisionsregarding the constitutionality of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines,this article presents empirical support for these predictions.Many judicial, institutional, and other characteristics areexamined that should be correlated with a judge's workload orwith a judge's taste for, or efficiency in, publishing opinions.These analyses find that, all else equal, judges who held priorpolitical positions, who received higher American Bar Association(ABA) ratings, who had lighter caseloads, who had longer tenures,who struck down the guidelines, or who had a greater chanceof promotion to a U.S. court of appeals were more likely topublish their decisions. In addition, judges' publication decisionswere significantly affected by the prior decisions of judgesin the same district, but little affected by those of judgesin other districts.     

Gender Equality, Citizenship, and the EU's Constitutional Future

Abstract:  While gender equality has been a matter of some concern for EU law and policy makers over the past half century, this concern has tended, at least historically, to focus upon equal treatment in employment and has not yet materialised into the delivery of a broader package of civil, political, and social rights for women. Taking the concept of EU citizenship as a framework within which to view the promotion of gender equality, this article assesses the debate on the constitutional future of the EU. This is with a view to examining the possible amelioration of women's social position through the exploitation of opportunities that the constitutionalisation of EU law presents. Looking at women's citizenship through the lens of political rights to participate in the debate on the EU's future, together with examining substantive aspects of the Constitutional Treaty for their gender equality content, the article suggests that a more comprehensive endeavour by all institutional actors to engage in gender mainstreaming is needed in order to give effect to a broader form of equality between women and men.