美国网上证券交易监管机制及其启示

网上证券交易是伴随计算机网络技术被引入证券市场而发展起来的新兴证券交易方式，随着其在世界各国证券市场的广泛应用，对网上证券交易的监管也成为各国监管机构越来越需要重视的问题之一。美国是最早发展网上证券交易的国家，其对网上证券交易的监管机制相对比较完善和有效，其推出的一些监管措施经过一些国际组织的推荐为世界其他国家所效仿，取得了比较好的效果。本文在探究美国的网上证券交易监管机制的基础上，结合中国的实际，就中国的网上证券交易监管的发展提出了建议，以期对建立健全中国的网上证券交易监管机制有所帮助。     

知识产权的“去中心化”——此特币与登记制度

在全球化和互联网所构筑的社会经济新秩序中,传统的产权框架面对消解了民族国家的世界秩序,已经无法有效解决其带来的新问题。当知识产权在新秩序中将自身权利通过登记制度和国际贸易扩散到全球,登记制度也就蜕变成了一种“霸权”力量。对于货币产权的霸权,比特币的兴起及其提出的金融“去中心化”是对这一问题的直接回应。将比特币“去中心化”的产权确立的机理延伸到知识产权的领域,也就呼唤了知识产权的“去中心化”,以超越登记制度所建立起的知识产权确立框架,从而回应新秩序的挑战。     

青少年在线权利的法律保护

不良信息对青少年身心健康的侵蚀是不容忽视的。网络虚拟世界、网络社会对真实世界、现实社会的依附性决定了人类对网络虚拟世界、网络社会具有控制和规范的能力。就青少年而言,他们有获得有益于其身心健康、文明向上的精神产品的权利;就社会而言,为青少年提供文明、健康的精神产品是社会的义务和责任。而法律介入是保护青少年在线权利的必由之路。     

传统管辖规则在网络背景下所面临的冲击与挑战

随着网络技术的应用与发展，确立在地域主权概念基础上的传统管辖规则，因为网络法律关系的超国界性和虚拟性等特征而面临着严峻的挑战。然而各国并未因网络技术的挑战而放弃根植于深厚历史法律文化背景下的传统管辖规则的可适用性。由此如何结合网络法律关系自身特性及其传统主权概念所面临的挑战，以实现网络案件的场所化需求为出发点，平衡多元价值需求，重构网络案件司法管辖规则，成为摆在当代理论研究和司法实践面前的一个时代性难题。     

美国《网络空间国际战略》的法律分析与对策

美国出台《网络空间国际战略》是争夺制网权,主导互联网世界的信号,既有其自身安全上的考虑,也有政治上的目的。该＂战略＂从美国自身利益出发,试图为全世界的互联网活动制定规则,有违国际法中主权平等等一系列基本原则。中国应该尽快建立自己的信息化战略,依托国际法原则,努力参与国际网络行为准则的制定,争取平等的话语权,平衡世界制网权。同时也要逐步完善国内互联网立法,提高网络应用技术,增强网络空间的软硬件能力。     

网络链接与我国信息网络传播权保护之辨析

网络链接是万维网的核心技术 ,是互联网信息交互与传播的重要手段 ,但同时也构成对信息网络传播权的威胁。不同链接具有不同的表现形式 ,链接技术本身不构成侵权不等于网链行为不构成侵权。网上关键词组组合、搜索引擎使用、未经著作权人同意的链接及链接有协议的侵权作品是否构成侵权诸方面问题 ,应结合中外典型案例进行探析 ,正确处理网络链接与信息网络传播权司法保护之间的关系 ,以完善相关法律     

聚众式裸聊的刑法规制

聚众式裸聊是当今一种新型的性交流方式.,探讨如何规制度众式裸聊时,不仅遇到了网络犯罪行为认定上的疑难问题,也遇到了网络共犯主观方面和主体认定上的疑难问题.对于这些疑难问题,将裸聊行为认定为淫乱行为具有可行性,网络共同故意符合传统共犯理论要求的犯意双向联络,而网络共犯主体认定问题属于超越我国现有共犯理论逻辑的问题.需要通过改变我国传统共犯理论加以解决.     

A constitutional moment: How we might reimagine platform governance

We are at a constitutional moment for the future of the internet. Nation states around the world are launching major new initiatives to regulate the internet, both directly against users and by regulating the companies that provide access to telecommunications infrastructure and content services. The giant technology companies that control the bulk of the commercial internet are themselves under unprecedented scrutiny for the policies they set, the decisions they make, and the choices that go into designing their architecture. In my new book, Lawless, I argue that in this moment of change there is a major opportunity for us all to rethink how the internet should be governed, how power is held to account, and whose values prevail.¹     

关于网络隐私权制度的几点思考

网络隐私权是网络环境下基于个人数据保护的需要而产生的一个新概念,围绕网络隐私权制度产生的问题众多,包括概念的界定、网络隐私权保护问题突出的根源、保护网络隐私权的意义与基本原则、各国和地区网络隐私权制度的趋同等,在对上述问题逐一进行探讨的基础上,就如何完善我国相关制度提出了几点建议.     

互联网背景下对国家主权的思考

互联网的飞速发展对传统的主权概念提出了一系列现实挑战已经成为不争的事实,传统主权观念陷于困境。主权和互联网的关系应该是对立统一的关系,互联网并没有从根本上动摇主权在国际法上的神圣地位,但是传统的主权观念亟待更新,主权的行使日益受到外在的限制,加强国际合作是解决互联网背景下主权困境的唯一途径。     

涉网知识产权案件管辖权的确定

与传统知识产权争议相比较而言，受案法院在实现涉网知识产权案件场所化并进而确定管辖权的过程中，因为案件当事人身份地位及行为地点之认定上的困难而面临着更多的疑问，特别是侵权行为地与权利来源国等用以确定知识产权争议管辖权的主要依据，在网络技术背景下的适用不可避免地存在着某种程度的或然性。由此诸如滑动标准、针对性标准等那些既能在一定程度上反应网络技术特色，又能顾及当事人行为取舍及主观能动性的标准不断注入到涉网知识产权争议案件管辖权的确定之中。     

互联网法律规制的若干问题探讨

互联网应用极大地改变了人们的生活方式,互联网领域的法律问题也改变着法律的世袭领地,创造出了法律的"混血儿"。调整因互联网应用而产生的各类社会关系的法律规范即互联网法,其调整手段涉及公法和私法领域,是一个正在成长中的兼具特异性范畴和共同性范畴的综合性法律部门。互联网立法既要针对互联网发展的特点,制定互联网领域的单行法,又要在现有的民法、刑法、知识产权法等部门法中增加针对互联网领域的专门条款,以达互联网法律规制的目的。     

SPACE AS PARADIGM OF INTERNET REGULATION

Right now internet regulation is standing at the crossroads. Its problem-driven evolution has led to a conglomerate of seemingly diverse rules, which can hardly be structured as one cohesive area of law. Nevertheless, a consolidation of these rules as one cross-sectional field of law is can be identified. The discussion about the terms “internet regulation” and “internet governance” as well as recent developments in this field indicate that a paradigm shift in internet regulation is ongoing. Whereas self-regulation has been the determining mode of internet governance for a long time, internet regulation in the sense of public regulation is currently gaining more influence. This transformation is accompanied by the rising importance of a traditional paradigm of law: the idea of space. Even though the idea of space finds itself challenged with regard to the internet, it can give substance to many different aspects of internet regulation.     

United States' and Australian principles on internet jurisdiction: A case for Australia to consider United States' hegemony on jurisdiction

The United States and Australia have been facing the issue of internet jurisdiction. The United States is an epitome of a country that has considered the challenges posed by the internet to the traditional law. It has developed its own tests to help resolve the issue, which have evolved over time and in comparison with other jurisdictions, and it has been successful. Conversely, the Australian legal system is in a stage of infancy regarding such challenges and has developed its own approach. This paper focuses on the anomalies between the United States' and Australian principles or approaches to internet jurisdiction by analysing and discussing the three leading cases that are benchmarks in the respective jurisdictions. Finding the fundamental difference between the two approaches, the paper elucidates the United States hegemony on internet jurisdiction by comparing the shortcomings of the respective cases. Finally, this paper makes a case for the Australian courts to consider an approach based on the one practised by the United States courts to tackle the ever-evolving issue of internet jurisdiction.     

Free Speech,Crime, and the Challenge of Advancing Technology

Speech technology has developed rapidly and has taken many different forms. One form of this technology, the internet, poses a difficult challenge for society because of the way that it provides children with easy access to various forms of 'indecent' material. US courts have struggled with the problem of how to reconcile the internet, and other more advanced technologies, with traditional First Amendment free speech doctrine. For many years, US courts distinguished between so-called 'traditional forms' of technology, and other forms of technology, in particular broadcast technology. While the courts have always provided strong protections for traditional forms of technology, they have provided less protection to broadcast technology. Importantly, the internet challenges the dichotomy between 'traditional' technology and broadcast technology, and has forced the US Supreme Court to reconsider its precedents relating to technology. This reconsideration has made it more difficult to regulate the internet for the 'health, welfare and morals' of society. This paper analyses the scope of government authority in light of recent precedent.     

得知权理念及其在我国的初步实践

基于对 2 0世纪后半期以来 ,逐步形成的信息情报公开法制化的世界潮流及中国在近年开始推行政务公开政策 ,实施政府上网工程的实证考察 ,本文将中国法学界通常讨论的知情权问题重新表述为更具有人民主权意义的得知权理念 ,并将其论述为公民在知识经济与信息网络时代的第一位基本权利与首要人权 ,论述了得知权在世界范围内的普及与曲折的法制化进程 ,并就得知权在中国的初步实践及走向法制化途径问题作了积极探讨     

网络银行业务对传统法律的挑战与回应

网络银行业务在突破传统银行业务理念的同时 ,也对既存的法律制度产生了巨大的冲击与挑战。这主要表现在法律管辖权的确定、电子资金划拨、网络银行的监管及对利用网络银行犯罪等方面。因此 ,既存法律制度的革新是新金融情势下的必然要求。鉴于网络银行的无时空性、虚拟性与跨国界性 ,所以传统法律的变革及全新的立法必须基于网络银行的本质属性 ,同时 ,从国内法与国际法两个层面双管齐下 ,才能使应然的法律适应网络银行业务的内在要求。     

网络图书馆下版权问题新思考

网络和数字化技术的进步打破了传统版权法建立的平衡 ,特别是网络图书馆的建设 ,使传统图书馆所适用的版权理论受到质疑。因此 ,探讨网络图书馆所涉及的版权问题便成为当务之急。本文论证了在新的传播技术下 ,传统合理使用规则应受到必要的限制 ,版权所涉及的权利亟待重新配置。     

From old to new: From internet to smart contracts and from people to smart contracts

Discussing legal issues related to smart contracts on the blockchain is very topical. This article will discuss primarily smart contracts on the blockchain the conclusion and execution of which does not interact with the physical world, as well as briefly touch upon smart contracts on the blockchain which do interact with the physical world. For these smart contracts, it will be determined to what extent existing EU internet laws can help support their development and if not, what is needed to support this. In order to answer this question, the following will be discussed: the rise of e-commerce and in particular the EU internet laws supporting and regulating e-commerce, how smart contracts work and how smart contracts compare with existing technological developments and comparable legal constructs (internet, bank accounts and bank guarantees). Subsequently, it will be explained how the use of smart contracts leads to a shift of confidence, from trust in people to trust in code. On the basis of The DAO hack and the problems that arose, it will be illustrated that this shift to trust in code is not as absolute as is often thought. The article concludes that applying specific EU laws on supporting and regulating e-commerce to smart contracts is difficult for two reasons. First of all, the starting points differ: trust in people versus trust in code. Secondly, technical and practical obstacles often inhibit applying internet laws in a meaningful manner. When using smart contracts, it makes more sense to prevent problems from arising than to correct them afterwards. For this reason, it is advocated that programmers work together with lawyers to create better smart contracts and that the legislator focuses on laws dealing with auditing smart contracts code by trusted third parties and automatically equating smart contracts with written contracts with wet ink signatures. This will hopefully facilitate the rise of smart contracts on the blockchain.     

对确认网络管辖权的探讨

网络的出现与发展向传统国际民事管辖权制度提出了新的课题:地域性连接因素无法成为涉网案件的管辖权基础,与网络有关的民事案件需要寻找新的管辖根据与适用原则。通过考察美欧等国家的立法实践,以及分析现有的种种学说,总结它们的利弊得失,可以发现在现有条件下,广泛、合法地适用协议管辖,辅之以最密切联系原则,并充分考虑技术可行性原则,是解决这一问题的最佳对策。