美国预防性外交的理念与主张

冷战结束以来,在外交和安全领域出现了两个新概念或新思维,即预防性外交和预防性防务。９０年代中期以来,美国对这两个问题进行了深入研究,提出了一套系统的理论、政策和实施方案。顾名思义,预防性外交主要是用外交手段处理国际争端与暴力冲突;而预防性防务主要是以军事手段处理安全领域的问题,但在实施预防性防务之前也给外交斡旋留有一定的余地。冷战结束以来,军事领域的国际对话、合作与交往非常活跃;与此同时,以外交手段解决国际争端与武装冲突,以多边安全对话和建立信任措施为其主要特点,也日益成为外交舞台上的一种时尚。外交与防务两…     

冷战后预防性外交的发展及影响

冷战结束后,预防性外交作为防止和减少冲突的一种手段受到广泛重视.国际社会在对预防性外交展开理论探讨的同时,还多次将其付诸实践.对国际社会来说,预防性外交犹如一把双刃剑,它一方面给维护世界和平与安全带来希望,同时又对现存国际法和国际关系基本准则形成一定挑战.     

处死萨达姆并非是句号

12月30日,中东枭雄萨达姆走上绞刑架,结束了其充满戏剧性和悲剧性的传奇人生。当年在中东舞台叱咤风云的政治强人最终竞落得如此下场,实在让人感叹。单纯从法律角度看,萨达姆之死似乎无懈可击：对萨达姆最初指控的十几项罪名中的任何一项都足以让其受死;从司法程序看,审判萨达姆经历了1年多时间,完成了从开庭、质证、审判、上诉和维持原判等所有法律程序,萨达姆受死似乎无可争议。但萨达姆的生死从一开始就不是单纯的法律问题。由于萨达姆是世界上极少数被处决的前国家领导人,因此该事件注定会对伊拉克政局和美国政策产生一定冲击,而且负面影响多于正面影响。     

文化外交在当代中俄关系中的作用

冷战结束后,和平与发展成为时代主题,文化因素对国际关系的影响日益凸显,并由此产生了一种新型外交方式——文化外交。中俄两国比邻而居,有着近四百年的交往史,文化交流更是在其中起到重要作用。随着文化外交日益受到各国政府的重视,中俄文化交流不断擦出新火花。实践证明,文化外交在巩固中俄两国高层政治关系、推动经贸合作和扩大民间交往方面有不可替代的作用。     

人民外交助力新时代中国特色大国外交

2021年是党和国家历史上具有里程碑意义的一年。这一年,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,中国外交沉着应对百年变局和世纪疫情,在世界大变局中开创新局、在世界乱局中化危为机,取得了丰硕成果,交出了亮丽答卷。这一年,人民外交在持续深入学习党史的基础上,结合工作实际,深入总结了党领导下的人民外交理论,积极开展了民间对外交往新实践。人民外交可以说是中国共产党和新中国外交的一项创举,它以增进人民友谊、促进国家关系发展为宗旨,在长期实践中形成了中国独有的特色。中国人民外交学会是由周恩来总理兼外长亲自倡导成立并担任名誉会长的新中国第一个人民外交机构,成立于1949年12月15日,与共和国同龄。它以中国人民的名义,开创了中国和世界外交的新篇章。     

Two Complementary Settings of Peace-making Diplomacy: Political-Elite Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy

In terms of the question, “how to create an effective peace-making process in the Israeli–Palestinian case,” this article argues that the answer is a multidimensional approach to peace-making diplomacy that contains two main settings: political-elite diplomacy and public diplomacy. Political-elite diplomacy suggests various modes of peace-making interactions between political-elites. Public diplomacy provides instruments to involve the people in the peace-making struggle, prepares them for a change, and presses the leadership to reach agreements. The analysis suggests establishing an institution for the operation of public diplomacy—a major Israeli-Palestinian public negotiating congress. The congress is a democratic peace-making institution that invites representatives of the opposing societies to discuss, debate, and negotiate solutions to their struggle. The article also presents the concepts of political-elite diplomacy and public diplomacy as competitive settings that should be regarded as complementary. It includes lessons from the “Minds of Peace Experiment”—a small-scale Israeli–Palestinian public negotiating congress—which has been conducted in different places around the world.     

2000年俄罗斯外交回顾与展望

俄罗斯外交在2000年取得丰硕成果,普京务实现实、灵活进取的外交路线基本确立.今后的发展趋势是俄作为一支独立力量,不会融入西方世界;尽力搞好同西方的关系,寻求妥协,减少摩擦,避免对抗;推行全方位外交,重视发展同东方的关系;着力发展同独联体国家的关系,使之成为俄外交的依托、安全的屏障.     

China's Diplomacy in 2011

正The year 2011, which is about to conclude, was a year ofprofound and complex changes in the international situationsince the beginning of the new century. The world situationwas peaceful on the whole. Yet, a host of major events, difficultproblems and emergencies occurred, all with far-reaching impact.     

全球化时代的民间外交

全球化从两个方面改变和塑造着当代世界政治的基本制度、规则和组织:一是通过时空的压缩赋予普通公民更大的参与政治与外交活动的空间、信息资源,二是通过跨国相互依赖的深化破解了外交领域的"国家中心主义".这两个方面的"全球化政治"制约和分化了国家在世界政治舞台上的垄断地位,赋予普通公民和民间外交以更大的活动能力和空间.在全球化的背景下,国家应该从战略的高度重视民间外交的价值和作用,从而适应全球化政治的挑战.     

Endgame at the Kennedy round: A case study of multilateral economic diplomacy

During the details stage of multilateral economic talks, agreements are usually negotiated using a combination of two methods - compromise on individual issues and tit-for-tat exchanges. This article identifies the circumstances in which the the US, EEC and British delegations employed these traditional diplomatic techniques, and assesses the effectiveness of these techniques in forging agreement in the details stage of the Kennedy Round, Providing a detailed account of these talks, the article demonstrates that the negotiating techniques of the American delegation were far more flexible than those of the European and British delegations and that this flexibility was vital to the successful completion of the talks. The article concludes that differences in negotiating technique are best explained by a combination of two factors - the contrasting decision making structures of each negotiating team and the international political context of the negotiations.     

Sport and Diplomacy: A Global Diplomacy Framework

ABSTRACT

The actors, or “players,” involved in the transactions of diplomacy occasioned by sport are manifold. In the case of the world’s “global game”—association football—they include but are not limited to individual footballers, football clubs, national leagues, national associations, football’s international governance structures, multi-national sponsors, and numerous hangers on. Importantly for this analysis, such a panoply of actors creates an architecture, replicated across other sports, which speak to the necessity of furthering the understanding of the relationship between sport and diplomacy. These two phenomena share a long-standing similarity in global affairs; both having been over-looked as means of comprehending relations between different polities otherwise centred on the nation-state. This exegesis advances our understanding in two areas. First, it addresses the parameters of the discussion of “sport and diplomacy” and problematises the discourse between the two with a note on language; and second, it utilises a framework provided by an appreciation of “global diplomacy” to explore concepts of communication, representation, and negotiation in sport and diplomacy.     

Visa Diplomacy

The consular element of national diplomatic power plays an essential, but often overlooked role in international relations. This is unfortunate, since the process of globalization places increasing importance on so-called “low politics”—trade, commerce, tourism, migration—all traditional consular areas of interest. This study examines the visa component of consular diplomacy as an integral device in the conduct of international relations. The simple visa serves an important purpose in international relations and is a well-used, but little studied, instrument of foreign policy in today's system of sovereign states.

In this article, “visa diplomacy” is defined as the use of visa issuance or denial at an individual, group, and interstate level, to influence another state's policies. Although possessing limitations, visa diplomacy is an available signaling and retorsion instrument which makes it a viable policy option in the arena of international affairs. At the operative level, it links an individual or group to its sovereign country and respective national policies. Denial or issuance at the individual or group level can have outcomes on overall interstate interactions as illustrated in the cases selected for this study. The conclusion assesses where the use of visa diplomacy seems most effective in international relations.     

Visa Diplomacy

The consular element of national diplomatic power plays an essential, but often overlooked role in international relations. This is unfortunate, since the process of globalization places increasing importance on so-called “low politics”—trade, commerce, tourism, migration—all traditional consular areas of interest. This study examines the visa component of consular diplomacy as an integral device in the conduct of international relations. The simple visa serves an important purpose in international relations and is a well-used, but little studied, instrument of foreign policy in today’s system of sovereign states.

In this article, “visa diplomacy” is defined as the use of visa issuance or denial at an individual, group, and interstate level, to influence another state’s policies. Although possessing limitations, visa diplomacy is an available signaling and retorsion instrument which makes it a viable policy option in the arena of international affairs. At the operative level, it links an individual or group to its sovereign country and respective national policies. Denial or issuance at the individual or group level can have outcomes on overall interstate interactions as illustrated in the cases selected for this study. The conclusion assesses where the use of visa diplomacy seems most effective in international relations.     

新布什主义与美国外交

“新布什主义”概括起来就是布什政府在第二任期内将通过进攻性外交、军事、经济等手段向全球推广“民主”“、自由”来“保卫”和扩大美国全球霸权的一种战略。它在本质上和第一任期的“布什主义”是一致的,其目的在于更好地获得美国内的认同和争取国际支持。由于“布什主义”造成的高成本和对国际格局冲击太大“,新布什主义”的推行也同样会遇到多方面的制约。     

中国外交中的地方因素

全球化论者认为,民族国家的地位和作用在全球化时代日益被削弱,原本属于国家的权力发生了多向度的失散,通过向上和向下移交权威,中央外交正在受到来自多方面的制约和影响.当代外交中,"分层"现象日益突出.中国自70年代末开始改革开放,中央政府的"分权"使得地方政府不但获得了利益目标,而且也拥有了地方资源配置控制权,成为一个相对独立的利益主体.城市在参与对外事务中可以获得国际利益,也对中央外交形成了一定的压力和影响.在此基础上,本文探讨了在中国现行外交政策中实现中央与地方"共赢"的可能性.     

日本安倍政府的东盟外交:基于现实主义外交的理论视角

安倍政府对东盟的现实主义外交渗透着严重的实力支配主义及利益至上原则,其战略目标不单纯是谋求维护及扩大日本在东盟地区的现实利益,更意图与东盟个别国家乃至东盟整体建立以合作应对中国威胁为基本价值观、以集体遏制中国发展为战略目标的同盟体系。自2012年末安倍政府上台以来,它就通过政治、经济、安全等多个维度对东盟国家展开全方位的现实主义外交。但必须指出的是,安倍政府对东盟的现实主义外交暴露出强烈的逐利性,同时,刻意追求对华均势的战略效果,凸显继承性、破坏性、争议性、自我性的严重缺陷。     

Endgame at the Kennedy round: A case study of multilateral economic diplomacy

During the details stage of multilateral economic talks, agreements are usually negotiated using a combination of two methods ‐ compromise on individual issues and tit‐for‐tat exchanges. This article identifies the circumstances in which the the US, EEC and British delegations employed these traditional diplomatic techniques, and assesses the effectiveness of these techniques in forging agreement in the details stage of the Kennedy Round, Providing a detailed account of these talks, the article demonstrates that the negotiating techniques of the American delegation were far more flexible than those of the European and British delegations and that this flexibility was vital to the successful completion of the talks. The article concludes that differences in negotiating technique are best explained by a combination of two factors ‐ the contrasting decision making structures of each negotiating team and the international political context of the negotiations.