人身侵权债权在破产清偿顺位中优先受偿之思辩

在调整人身侵权债权的各种制度中,为人身侵权债权在破产清偿顺位中找寻优先清偿点是次优制度选择,因为无论人身侵权债权定位在哪一个清偿层面都是后序债权人为破产企业的非法行为买单。为此,在其他法律制度足以保护人身侵权债权人权益的前提下,在破产清偿顺位中为人身侵权债权人设置优先受偿权实属不必要。但是其他法律制度不足以保护人身侵权债权人的权益时,我们可以考虑在破产清偿顺位中采用将人身侵权债权与劳动者债权同序的方式来保护人身侵权债权人的合法权益。     

Tort Liability Litigation Costs for Commercial Claims

This article analyzes tort liability litigation costs usingthe Texas Department of Insurance Commercial Liability InsuranceClosed Claim database for the years 1988–2004. Insurercosts to defend claims in which a suit was filed average $35,000per claim in 2004$, which corresponds to a share of 0.18 oftotal expenditures. Claims with higher stakes and complexitylead to greater reliance on outside counsel and less relianceon in-house counsel. Total transactions costs for each dollarreceived by claimants average $0.75 for all claims and $0.83for claims in which the claimant retained an attorney and asuit was filed.     

人身侵权之债债权人在破产清偿中的优先权分析

在破产案件,特别是由大规模侵权引发的破产案件之中,人身侵权之债的债权人是否享有优先权是一个非常重要又颇具争议的问题。从优先权的价值取向、人身侵权之债的特殊性以及社会现实的需求等方面综合分析,人身侵权之债在破产中理应具有一定的优先性。从各国的司法实践来看,许多国家都对破产中的人身侵权之债给予了特殊保护,而且有越来越多的国家开始重视人身侵权之债的优先保护问题。     

侵权债权在破产程序中的优先受偿顺位建构——基于“给最少受惠者最大利益”的考量

破产法的公平理念以及侵权债权的非自愿属性,决定侵权债权具有从现行破产法所规定的普通破产债权中分立出来,并优先于一般交易债权受偿的正当性。基于侵权债权类型化以及罗尔斯的公平的正义理念——给最少受惠者最大利益,侵权债权在区分人身侵权债权和财产侵权债权的基础上,应做以下受偿顺位安排:破产费用和公益债务之外,人身侵权债权——工资债权和社会保险费用——劳动补偿金债权——财产侵权债权——国家税收——一般交易债权。人身侵权债权甚至有可能优先于担保债权,如果担保债权的设立发生于人身侵权债权产生之后。社会强制责任保险费用债权视其保障范围可以先于人身侵权债权或财产侵权债权。     

服务侵权责任是独立的质量侵权责任

服务侵权责任是一项独立的质量侵权责任。承担服务侵权责任的前提条件是服务存在缺陷,即服务经营者所提供的服务不符合保障人身、财产安全的要求,包括服务设计缺陷、服务指示缺陷和服务过程缺陷。服务侵权责任的归责原则应采取过借推定兼顾公平原则。服务侵权责任与产品责任、建筑侵权责任构成我国“三位一体”的质量侵权责任制度。     

Disability,Rights, and the Construction of Sexuality in Tort Claims

This study empirically investigates how courts define sexuality of disabled persons in the absence of a formal right to sexuality. The focus of the study is tort law, a field ungoverned by direct disability rights legislation, assuming that tort law is the law of disablement as it concerns the transformative process of becoming disabled. The study investigates the types of damages courts have awarded for harm to sexual functioning, inquiring to whom and under what conditions have they been awarded. Additionally, it examines the discourse that characterizes each type of damages, and the legal, social, medical, and healthcare policy developments that have affected courts' rhetoric and reasoning. Our findings reveal shifting trends in scale, content, and inclusiveness of beneficiaries in terms of gender and age. Over time, courts have adopted a more hopeful and dynamic approach to disabled persons' sexuality while remaining within an individual‐medical framework. We suggest that these shifting trends can be linked to the slow diffusion of the social‐affirmative approach to disability, the limits of tort law as a field, and the role of healthcare policy in shaping the landscape of tort claims.     

论应当赋予侵权债权在破产分配中以优先地位

＂三鹿＂奶粉事件凸显在企业大规模侵权下在破产程序中赋予侵权债权普通债权人的地位具有不合理性。赋予侵权之债债权以普通债权的地位是对私法概念的曲解,违背了民商法公平正义的价值理念,不符合商法追求社会效益的价值诉求。基于此,应当赋予侵权之债在破产分配中以优先地位。     

从"雅河"船碰撞案看设立海事赔偿责任限制基金程序的完善

设立海事赔偿责任限制基金程序是<海事诉讼特别程序法>中的一项重要的法律制度.由于实践的不充分,一些程序和程序间的衔接需要不断地完善."雅河"船碰撞案在适用设立基金程序中出现的问题和困惑,会在理论研究和实践深入的基础上得到较好的解决.     

确立与完善我国证券侵权仲裁机制的路径分析——以美国证券仲裁机制的发展为视角

证券市场上侵权法律关系具有可仲裁性,在司法不足以充分及时救济投资受损权益的情况下,应充分发挥证券仲裁的替代性优势。借鉴美国等发达资本市场证券仲裁体制及完善的路径,我国在立法中应尽快确立证券行业仲裁模式,在政府部门监管下由行业自律组织主导证券仲裁规则的制定与实施。证券行业仲裁不等于行业垄断仲裁,证券仲裁与公共仲裁之间系良性竞争关系,通过行业自律、行政监管和司法保障等措施,切实保障证券侵权仲裁的公正性,维护广大投资者的利益和证券市场的运行秩序。     

医疗管理损害责任与法律适用

医疗管理损害责任是《侵权责任法》规定的医疗损害责任中的一种具体类型,与医疗伦理损害责任、医疗技术损害责任和医疗产品损害责任一道,构成医疗损害责任的类型体系。医疗管理损害责任应当适用《侵权责任法》第54条的规定确定赔偿责任,但与该法第34条第1款规定的用人单位责任构成竞合关系,受害患者可以根据自己的利益选择法律。     

论特殊侵权的归责举证及立法完善——以医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼为例

随着市场经济的迅猛发展,医疗侵权行为、高度危险作业侵权行为等特殊侵权行为日益增多,对行为要素提出了更高的权责分配要求,这就需要从立法层面确立其归责原则和举证制度.而归责举证的实质是要强调行为主体承担民事责任的依据和标准,通过揭示归责的原因或隐藏在致害背后的缘由,探索出侵权责任的归责原则.确立多元的救济机制为受害者提供更加全面的补救体系,正是研讨特殊侵权行为归责举证的初衷与目的.医疗行为引起的特殊侵权诉讼实行举证责任倒置,医疗机构应对损害事实不是由该医疗行为造成的承担证明责任,但这并不是说患者完全不负有任何举证责任.除医疗机构过错推定的法定情形之外,对其他的事实患者还负担主要的举证责任.虽然这种归责举证存在弊端,但立法上建议制定《医疗损害责任赔偿法》,在实践上建立健全医疗责任保险制度.在处理某种特殊侵权行为时,应考虑其不同于一般侵权行为的特殊性,异于其他特殊侵权行为的要件或法律效果,其举证重在于此,使归责举证的规则日趋完备.     

小额诉讼程序适用的改进逻辑

小额诉讼程序的适用比例至今偏低,致使程序的建构意图没能得到实现。从程序运行者、程序利用者和程序运行之监督者的视角剖析成因,有助于探寻到小额诉讼程序依法适用的促进策略。简案若不能有效识别,小额诉讼程序的强制适用将失去起码保障,未来识别简案当采取智能识别为主、人工识别为辅的方式。消解适用合意的稀缺性,可使小额诉讼程序的实际适用率因为合意适用条件的放宽而得到提高,获得适用合意的方法包括事先约定、法院引导达成和事后自行达成。为规制法人或非法人组织对小额诉讼程序的过多利用,援引诚实信用原则对其进行费用制裁更为现实可行。推动小额诉讼程序实现独立、提高首次送达成功率以减少程序转化和重视审级监督的驱动,是促进小额诉讼程序依法适用的重要策略。     

突破与超越:《侵权责任法》产品后续观察义务之解读

《侵权责任法》第46条确立了我国产品的后续观察义务。这一制度的确立符合社会安全和公平正义的理念。然而,由于缺乏相关的解释,该条在适用中将与产品质量法中的发展缺陷免责条款存在冲突,第46条可以认为是对发展缺陷免责条款的修正。另外,违背后续观察义务所产生之产品责任应遵循无过错责任原则,侵权责任范围不应包括惩罚性赔偿。     

Between Self-Regulation and the Alien Tort Claims Act: On the Contested Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility

Using Alien Tort Claims Act suits against multinational corporations as an immediate context for discussion, this article explores the emerging field of corporate social responsibility. The article argues for an understanding of concrete legal struggles as part of broader competing strategies for regulating corporate obligations to a multitude of stakeholders. By identifying and analyzing the positions of concrete actors who operate in the field, the main thesis of this article is that the field strongly tilts in the direction of voluntary and self-reliant models of corporate responsibility. The article identifies this process as consistent with the privatization of regulative structures in general and with extant modeling of corporate governance in particular, and points at the correlation between these trends and the interests of multinational corporations.     

Can the government govern? Lessons from the formation of the Veterans Administration

The federal hospital system for veterans, established in the aftermath of World War I in a context of decentralization, privatization, and rejection of compulsory health insurance, seems an anomaly in health care policy-making. It is actually a good case of how the federal government achieves results in an area fraught with conflict: via normalization of crisis, containment of political decision making, and the association of the program with previously accepted goals (in this instance, workers' compensation). In the veterans' case, political judgments were transformed into scientific and bureaucratic decisions via the pragmatic use of experts. The system worked; the federal government governed.     

饲养动物致害责任探析

动物致害责任的立法历史悠久,我国现行关于动物致害责任的民事立法规定太过原则与笼统,缺乏可操作性,难以形成利于受害人权利保护的合理的民事救济体系。未来民法典应区分不同的动物种类,适用不同的归责原则,并预设各类动物侵权类型的责任承担。