论冷战时期美国的南中国海政策

冷战期间,南中国海地区成为两大阵营、美苏争霸的主要场所之一,也是美国对苏、对华遏制的重点地域之一。南中国海争端虽然凸显于20世纪70年代,但在50年代就已出现,因而美国在南中国海地区的遏制战略就不可避免地要与南中国海主权问题联系在一起,这是美国逐渐形成对南中国海主权争端的立场、政策的起点和基础。本文拟对冷战时期美国对南中国海争端的立场和政策作一探讨,以期更深入地认识冷战后美国大力介入南中国海争端的深层战略考虑。     

冷战前美国的南中国海政策

冷战前美国的南中国海政策是后来的基础。18世纪末到二战结束,南中国海越来越多地涉及美国利益。二战前,美国在南中国海的利益有限,承担责任亦有限;二战期间,美国已深深地介入南中国海事务,南中国海对美国利益的影响也越来越大,从而决定了整个冷战时期乃至如今美国南中国海政策的方向。     

印度“东进”南中国海：方式及影响

冷战后,印度提出＂东进＂战略,积极介入南中国海争端,加强在南中国海地区的政治、经济和军事活动,给这一争端的解决带来新的复杂性和难度。但基于印度本身实力及其与东盟、美日的矛盾,印度＂东进＂对南中国海争端的影响有限。     

美国对南中国海的军事渗透

南中国海位于太平洋和印度洋之间,不仅蕴藏着丰富的资源,而且具有重要的战略地位,是沟通中国与世界各地的一条重要通道,是联结太平洋与印度洋的海上走廊。冷战时期,美国和苏联分别在菲律宾苏比克及克拉克和越南金兰湾驻有海空军部队,两军对垒,剑拔弩张,南海地区一度成为冷战的前沿阵地。冷战结束、苏联解体后,俄罗斯在南海地区实行战略收缩,美军也相继撤离菲律宾克拉克和苏比克湾海空军基地,南中国海一时“风平浪静”。但90年代中期以来,美国开始调整其亚太战略及南海政策,逐步增强其在南海地区军事渗透的力度,整合其对中国防范、遏制的“岛屿锁链”,南中国海再次“阴云密布”。     

南海冲突和解决方案及其对印尼国防安全之影响

任何区域内不同国家之间的利益纷争都会引起冲突,并成为区域或全球不稳定的潜在威胁,各国经济、政治、社会的冲突如不能妥善处理,感觉自身利益受损的国家间可能发生武力冲突。涉及东盟4国(马来西亚、菲律宾、越南和文莱)和中国大陆及中国台湾的南中国海归属权争端也是如此,现各方都把南中国海域的一部分划归本国疆域。印尼虽非南海冲突声索国,但如中国将纳土纳群岛的一部分划为其领土,那么印尼亦将卷入其中。如果南中国海冲突继续升温且找不到解决方案,可能最终引致公开的军事冲突。     

印度“东方海洋战略”及其影响

进入新世纪后,印度公开宣称"从阿拉伯海的北面到南中国海都是印度的利益范围",提出面向新世纪的新海军战略--东方海洋战略,大力发展包括航空母舰和核动力潜艇在内的"蓝水海军舰队",企图将其海上活动范围向东延伸至南中国海乃至整个西太平洋地区.这对我国海上安全必将产生重大影响.     

南中国海问题的国际因素与我国的对策论析

南中国海位于太平洋和印度洋之间 ,是东亚地区与南亚、中东、非洲和欧洲之间海上航行的必经之地 ,是西太平洋进入印度洋和大洋洲的重要国际通道 ,也是世界海洋航运最繁忙之地 ,具有重要的战略地位。由于该海域作为国际经济安全通道的价值不断上升 ,以及海底资源的陆续发现 ,特别是 1 995年联合国海洋法生效前后 ,各国对岛屿及其所连接的大陆架与专属经济区资源的主权意识增强 ,使南中国海问题日益国际化和复杂化。一、南中国海地区的现状和动向南中国海地区历来是世界的热点地区之一。当前 ,东盟的发展因东南亚金融危机而受挫 ,各大国正在加…     

印度与南海争端

南中国海是一片十分重要的海域。它位于太平洋和印度洋连接处，是沟通东亚、东南亚和南亚的必经水路。可以说，南中国海既是油气和渔业资源富集的海域，也是极富战略意义的海上交通枢纽，更是维护我国海洋权益的重要空间。     

南沙争端的国际化与中国国家安全（续）

南中国海是日本最重要的能源交通线。因此日本历史上始终视其为生命线，故二战中有放弃向北进攻苏联，而向南进军东南亚挑起太平洋战争的历史性抉择。     

评析中国在南中国海问题中的地位与作用

南中国海是一片在地图上不起眼的区域,但它却对亚太区的稳定起着举足轻重的作用。关于南沙群岛主权归属的争议一直是东南亚地区的热点问题。中国及台湾地区、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚和缅甸等国关于南沙群岛的主权归属问题一直存在争议。南沙群岛因其丰富的石油和其他天然资源及重要的战略地位受到关注。中国作为崛起的大国,对南中国海区域的稳定起着重要的作用。中国会在南沙问题上扮演什么角色呢?是引起军事争端还是与东南亚国家合作,和平解决南沙问题呢?这将是本文要回答的关键问题。同时本文也对中国在南中国海问题中扮演的角色做出批判性的评价。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

中国需要构建怎样的周边(英文)

正The new central leadership has highlighted the strategic importance of better relations with neighboring countries and the construction of a solid foundation for China’s neighborhood strategy so as to create favorable conditions for Chinese development.1China is strengthening top-level strategy in foreign relations,focusing on global-level relations and staying committed to relations     

中巴关系的发展及其认识误区（英文）

China and Brazil established a strategic partnership in 1993. The bilateral ties have seen rapid development in almost all areas. However, there are eight myths surrounding the China-Brazil relations. These myths are the result of a lack of mutual understanding as well as the misconceptions result misconceptions of the western observers and media. These misunderstandings have of have jeopardized images of the China-Brazil relations and also hindered further development of their bilateral relationship.     

中国的“主场外交”:机遇、挑战与任务（英文）

The successful hosting of the CICA summit has drawn great attention The attention to China's "host diplomacy". Analyzing new features of China's "host to "host diplomacy" during this new period, this paper will look at the opportunities and challenges facing China's "host diplomacy" and discuss the problems that China should address in order to do a better job in this regard and bring its "host diplomatic advantages" into full play.     

亚洲整体性崛起及其效应(英文)

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the overall rise of the Asian geographic plate has been particularly prominently. The overall rise of Asia reflects the improvement of a large number of developing countries in Asia. The long-occupied aggressive status of the United States and Europe is weakening, and the overall rise of Asia appears more highlighted, and its impact upon the world seems more intense.     

CAFIU Convenes the 11~(th) Council Meeting in Beijing

正On the morning of April 2,2014,CAFIU held the 11th Executive Council Meeting in Beijing.Present at the Meeting were Member of the Politburo of the 17th CPC Central Committee and Vice-Chairman of the 11th CPPCC National Committee Mr.Wang Gang,ViceChairman of the 11th NPC Standing Committee and President of CAFIU Mr.Zhou Tienong,ViceChairpersons of the NPC Standing Committee Mme     

Speech by Honorary President Zhou Tienong at the 11~(th) Executive Council Meeting of CAFIU (Excerpt)

正I am very pleased to attend the 11th Executive Council Meeting of CAFIU,and would like to express my hearty congratulations to President Yan Junqi,the new leadership and the newly-elected Executive Council.I also want to express my sincere thanks for choosing me to be the Honorary President of CAFIU!     

Name-list of Members of the Standing Committee of the (11)~th Executive Council (in alphabetical order of the surname's first letter)

正I.Political Parties and Government Sector Lu Yan Director,Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce Tong Guili Member,Standing Committee of the CPC Municipal Committee of Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province Secretary,CPC Working Committee,Administrative Commission for the Sci-Tech and Innovation Industrial Park in west Hangzhou City