Entrepreneurship research centers around the world: research orientation,knowledge transfer and performance

This work investigates entrepreneurship research centers, and analyzes their research performance. Studies on the determinants of performance of research centers have mainly focused on science and technology, while entrepreneurship has been so far neglected. Through an analysis of 46 centers worldwide, we focus on entrepreneurship research and the role of centers, by discussing how knowledge transfer mechanisms and research orientation affect research performance. Our findings contribute to shed light on the divergence of methodologies and approaches characterizing entrepreneurship research; they also corroborate the view that centers enable a “compound Matthew-effect”, according to which knowledge transfer to external stakeholders, after controlling for research orientation of the center, does foster and enrich research performance.     

科研经费制度的法理反思:规范基础与信任关系

探索以信任为前提的科研管理机制,需要回到科研经费制度中进行法理反思,挖掘科研信任关系的本质,进而以此作为科研管理机制建构的理论基础和指引。科研经费制度的规范基础包括正当性理由、实质性理由、必要性理由和否定性理由,与科研工作的创造性活动本质共同规定了科研契约关系的特性。信任是科研契约关系的必要组成部分,在信任结构与熟悉、安心结构的辨析中,专家系统与法律约束有着重要意义。科研管理机制的建构,需要从正反两个方面完成科研信任关系的建立与维系。     

Ireland and medical research with minors: some medico-legal aspects

The practice of medical research with minors in Ireland consist of practices pertaining to therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical research. Clinical trials (a category of therapeutic research), is governed by legislation. However, any other therapeutic research (non-clinical trials research) and non-therapeutic research, e.g. observational medical research such as a longitudinal study of children or non-therapeutic research such as blood sample collection for analysis of cause of disease, are unregulated by legislation. This, article will outline and describe some of the medico-legal issues involved in both types of research and will comment on matters such as what national law exists, how the directive on good clinical practice has been implemented, what guidelines, if any, exist.     

“学校教育价值取向”研究的反思

学校教育价值取向研究是教育价值取向研究的进一步分化，是一种理论与实践相互关照的研究。当前的学校教育价值取向研究有不同的类型：关注社会与关注个人的分离性研究类型；对立中寻求“统一”的研究类型；试图重建的研究类型。当前研究中存在的问题主要是：前提性观念系统研究的缺乏，研究方法论的反思力度的不足，价值取向选择意识的缺乏，价值取向实现过程研究的缺乏。     

基于裁判文书的法学实证研究之审视

知识图谱分析结果表明,基于裁判文书的法学实证研究成果数量总体上呈现增长趋势,但在近两年出现明显下降;基于裁判文书法学实证研究学术群体规模正在逐步缓慢扩大,但研究成果在研究主体间的分布呈较为集中趋势;研究成果所涉及学科领域具有较为明显的局限性,且具体研究内容伴随热点问题获得短暂爆发之后开始呈退缩之势。在方法转型背景之下,基于裁判文书法学实证研究的演变,受到研究方法在数据可得性、数据完整性以及数据客观性等方面所存在之优势与缺陷影响。研究人员自身应当在研究过程中通过丰富研究数据、规范研究方法之适用以及推动数据处理技术的发展等方式寻求基于裁判文书法学实证研究的长远发展之道。     

AI research and data protection: Can the same rules apply for commercial and academic research under the GDPR?

The paper examines how the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is applied to the development of AI products and services, drawing attention to the differences between academic and commercial research. The GDPR aims to encourage innovation by providing several exemptions from its strict rules for scientific research. Still, the GDPR defines scientific research in a broad manner, which includes academic and commercial research. However, corporations conducting commercial research might not have in place a similar level of ethical and institutional safeguards as academic researchers. Furthermore, corporate secrecy and opaque algorithms in AI research might pose barriers to oversight. The aim of this paper is to stress the limits of the GDPR research exemption and to find the proper balance between privacy and innovation. The paper argues that commercial AI research should not benefit from the GDPR research exemption unless there is a public interest and has similar safeguards to academic research, such as review by research ethics committees. Since the GDPR provides this broad exemption, it is crucial to clarify the limits and requirements of scientific research, before the application of AI drastically transforms this field.     

Ethics of Population-Based Research

This paper considers the morally relevant ways in which population-based research is a distinct type of human subjects research that have unique moral considerations relevant for public health practitioners and researchers. By defining population-based research, the authors distinguish it from public health practice and then consider, in more detail, the ways in which population-based research differs from clinical human subjects research. Based upon the distinctions between these types of research and practice, they identify five important issues that arise in the design and conduct of certain kinds of population-based research. The authors hope that public health practitioners find these distinctions useful in determining when their work may actually be population-based research and that public health researchers use them to identify the areas where ethical issues in their research may arise.     

Educational Research and the Protection of Human Subjects

Educational research is increasingly subject to legal restrictions designed for the protection of human subjects of research. In this article the author discusses legal restrictions–both in the courts and under HEW regulations–on educational research, comparing these restrictions with those on biomedical research. He finds that although educational research in particular instances may give rise to suits for damages for invasion of privacy or intentional infliction of psychological distress, the legal issues relating to educational research will most often be resolved in proceedings before institutional review boards charged by HEW with the responsibility for passing upon proposals to conduct research on human subjects. He argues that the interests protected in proceedings before institutional review boards are not limited to those that have received judicial recognition in suits for damages. The author finds that the requirement that the informed consent of subjects be obtained presents difficult issues for educational research. He notes in particular the problems presented by research proposals that as an element of the research design contemplate the observation of subjects without their knowledge and the use of children as research subjects.     

Cross-cultural research and the role of anthropology in criminal justice

This study involves the application of traditional perspectives from anthropology to an examination of criminal justice research. The survey of several samples of published research confirms the paucity of criminal justice research in non-Western settings. Moreover, most of the reported research is not broadly representative, having been concentrated in a few non-Western countries. The implications of these findings for criminal justice education, research and theory are discussed, as are means for promoting cross-cultural research. The concepts of holistic and traditional comparative criminal justice are contrasted.     

Safety demand and supply: An alternative to fear of crime

This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.     

教育社会学研究的困境

长期以来,在研究方法上,教育社会学一直陷于事实研究与想象研究、社会批判与社会建构、类型研究与整体研究的两难困境.个人化的社会事实的界定、基于建构的社会批判和着眼于问题的研究等等,是解决当下教育社会学研究困境的几种可选路径.     

迈向理性的刑事诉讼法学——2006年刑事诉讼法学研究述评

2006年刑事诉讼法学的研究主要围绕刑事诉讼基本理论、刑事诉讼法的修改、司法改革以及证据制度等问题进行,体现了如下几点可喜的变化和进步:刑事诉讼法学的学科体系逐渐从注释法学转向理论法学,研究领域不断拓展,在检讨传统刑事诉讼法学基础上出现了一些富有创见的新理论体系;研究方法趋于多样化,特别是实证研究的引入为刑事诉讼法学注入新的活力;刑事诉讼法学研究仍然遵循理论联系实际的原则,体现了理论研究与实践活动的互动。     

政府购买养老服务研究现状、热点与前瞻--基于CNKI期刊的共词分析

对我国政府购买养老服务的研究成果进行梳理,从总体上定位其研究的热点主题、概括其研究特点,可以为该领域今后的研究提供理论前瞻。本文以CNKI作为数据来源,采用共词分析法,通过聚类分析、多维尺度分析、社会网络分析绘制出政府购买养老服务研究知识图谱。研究发现,政府购买养老服务的研究热点包括养老服务需求、养老模式、体制机制、养老服务事业发展、问题与对策等;呈现出以政策为导向、以实践为导向、以定性分析为主的研究特点。研究内容将呈现多样化趋势,研究方法采用定量与定性相结合,研究热点将聚焦在社会治理、制度创新等方面。     

广义的诠释论与统一的心理学

广义诠释论认为实证研究实际上也是一种诠释 ,它是包含了实证研究的诠释论。统一的心理学应当包括三个层次的研究模式 :传统的、狭义的诠释研究着重个案的、质化的分析 ,其目的是达到对具体的、个人的、临时的对话事件的理解 ;实证的诠释研究重在抽象、定量分析 ,以求作出具有普遍意义的推论和预测 ;广义的诠释研究综合以上两种研究策略 ,即对同一心理现象同时采取个案的、质化的和抽样的、量化的研究策略 ,既要具体的、个人的现象的丰富性和生动性 ,又要科学的抽象、量化、推论与预测 ,既要避免个案研究的局限 ,又要防止实证的抽象推论造成的对人类经验的割裂和肢解     

The governance of human genetic research databases in mental health research

The field of mental health offers a valuable context in which to examine new challenges presented by human genetic research databases to the legal, ethical and regulatory frameworks for human genetic research. Longitudinal prospective genetic research of psychiatric disorders often involves access to human genetic research databases and to stored tissue for future uses that cannot be specified at the time the patient consents to their collection. The potential of such research to contribute to an improved understanding and treatment of complex genetic diseases such as schizophrenia presupposes sound ethical, legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure public trust and preparedness to participate in such research. This article provides a brief overview of some of the ethical and legal challenges posed by human genetic research databases and their implications for how genetic research should be conducted in the field of mental health.     

试论民事诉讼法学的进路——以2006年研究成果为对象的总结与分析

法学学科整体在高速前进,在这个大潮中,民事诉讼法学科作为一个分支在研究队伍和内容方面都有显著的进展,甚至与民商事实体法学结合在一起正在逐步成为法学学科中的显学,但是研究方法、研究广度和深度上仍有明显欠缺,这是民事诉讼法学界的努力方向。     

我国犯罪学研究方法与方法研究

每个学科都有自己的研究方法,科学的研究方法是任何学科赖以建立和发展的工具,犯罪学作为一门社会科学,它也有自己的研究方法,而且犯罪学的研究方法呈现出多样化的特点。目前我国犯罪学研究中存在的问题是实证研究缺乏,定性与定量分析分离,研究范式单一陈旧,应整合研究方法,做到思辨与实证相结合,定性与定量相结合,寻求多学科理论支持,重塑犯罪学研究范式。     

University supply and corporate demand for academic research

University research is an important contributor to corporate innovation, but corporate-sponsored research has lagged other forms of research expenditure since 2000 and is perceived to be sub-optimal. This paper first examines and interprets reasons given by industry participants for this relative underperformance. It next establishes the complexity of this issue by explicating different patterns of research relationships for four industry groups. University supply of research and industry demand are both affected by internal factors that create inherent limits to these activities. The paper concludes that proactive measures by universities are the most feasible steps under current conditions to enhance corporate-sponsored university research.     

20世纪汉语声调演变研究综述

20世纪汉语声调演变的研究集中于声调起源、声调的历时演变和共时演变三方面。汉语声调的起源有韵尾说和声母说。声调的历时演变集中于调类研究，中古后的演变开始着手调值研究。声调共时演变研究还不多，研究的视点是演变类型和演变条件。汉语声调演变研究存在的主要问题是历时不成线，共时不成片。     

科学研究自由权利研究

科学研究自由具有双重性 :作为思想自由 ,它是一项消极的权利 ;作为行为自由与社会文化权利 ,它是一项积极权利。作为积极的权利 ,它需要物质与制度条件的保障 ,由此决定了科技法律制度的基本价值取向应是保障科学研究自由。对科学研究自由权利的保障离不开对权利结构的分析 ,科学研究自由权利包括自由选择科学研究课题的权利、自由从事科学研究活动的权利和自由表达学术观点的权利 ,这三者相互结合构成了完整的科学研究自由权利体系